On Wilson's theory of the collection of charge by falling drops

Whipple, F. J. W.; Chalmers, J. Alan

doi:10.1002/qj.49707030402

Cited by 93 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…6 Table 1. List of formulations of charging rate on precipitation particle which are taken into account of the penetration effect and by Whipple and Chalmers (1944 it can reach where *<*1. And for a negative ion, from Eq.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rate of charge acquisition considering the penetration effect is derived in the same manner as Whipple and Chalmers (1944) by the equations of movement of the positive and negative ions. If t is eliminated from the Eqs.…”

Section: Appendix Derivation Of the Pe Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is observed on the ground. The selective ion capture process was formulated by Whipple and Chalmers (1944) (hereinafter, "W .C. formulation") for raindrops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical Experiments of the Charging Mechanism of Precipitation Particles by the Ion-capture Process below the Cloud Base

Asuma

Kikuchi

1987

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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To investigate the mirror image relation (hereinafter, M.I.R.) observed at the ground surface, a new formulation in which snowflakes and snow particles acquire charges by the selective ion capture process is lead forth and one dimensional numerical experiments are carried out in this paper.The M.I.R. is more clear during snowfalls than during rainfalls and charges on these snow particles are also larger than that of raindrops in which the diameter is equivalent to the melted diameter of snow particles. In their experiments, Asuma and Kikuchi (1983), reported that although snowflakes have numerous pores in themselves, the final charges expected from the selective ion capture process are the same as that of a conductive sphere of the same diameter. It is expected therefore that the high porosity of snowflakes leads to the increase of the collection efficiency of ions and it requires a shorter time to attain their final charges. We call this "the penetration effect". The formulation of a charging mechanism for snowflakes including this effect was derived.The modifications of charges on precipitation particles under the cloud base are examined by numerical experiments. Two types of precipitation particles are tested in these experiments, that is, snowflakes and raindrops. In case of snowflakes, the comparison Whipple and Chalmers (1944) formulation with our formulation was discussed. The main results obtained are as follows; (i) There is a tendency that on snowflakes observed on the ground surface hardly keep the electric charges produced in the cloud but raindrops keep the charges produced in the cloud. This tendency would be caused by the differences of their falling speeds.(ii) The penetration effect is more effective near the ground surface where ions are emitted abundantly in the atmosphere by the point discharge.(iii) On the ground surface, the precipitation current and the point discharge current are balanced and this balanced relation brings about the M.I.R.

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Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Appendix Derivation Of the Pe Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical Experiments of the Charging Mechanism of Precipitation Particles by the Ion-capture Process below the Cloud Base

Asuma

Kikuchi

1987

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…One set of theories that does not primarily focus on microphysics includes ion convection (Grenet, 1947, Vonnegut, 1954, ion induction (Wilson, 1929;Whipple and Chalmers, 1944) and polarization charging (Elster and Geitel, 1913;Mason, 1972). Other theories are highly dependent on microphysics -water drop breakup (Simpson, 1909), splashing of water drops on ice (Workman and Reynolds, 1950), melting of ice (Dinger and Gunn, 1946), riming electrification (Reynolds et al, 1955;Takahashi, 1978a) and others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Structure of Oceanic Tropical Clouds and Charge Separation Processes

Takahashi

1983

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…Whipple (1944) indicated that there were some problems in deducing the electric charge on precipitation elements in thunderstorm from the measurement of their electric charge at the ground. Gunn (1951) has attempted to measure the electric charge on precipitation elements in clouds with the use of an aeroplane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Electric Charge in Thundercloud by Means of Radiosonde

Takahashi

1965

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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On Wilson's theory of the collection of charge by falling drops

Cited by 93 publications

References 6 publications

Numerical Experiments of the Charging Mechanism of Precipitation Particles by the Ion-capture Process below the Cloud Base

Numerical Experiments of the Charging Mechanism of Precipitation Particles by the Ion-capture Process below the Cloud Base

Electric Structure of Oceanic Tropical Clouds and Charge Separation Processes

Measurement of Electric Charge in Thundercloud by Means of Radiosonde

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