Oncologic anthropology: Global variations in breast cancer risk, biology, and outcome

Abstract

The global breast cancer burden is growing. Of 19.3 million new cancers diagnosed in 2020, 2.26 million were breast, surpassing lung as the most commonly diagnosed worldwide. Breast cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and the leading cause of death in females. Incidence and mortality rates are projected to rise disproportionately in low and middle‐income countries, a consequence of socioeconomic factors and differences in tumor biology related to genetic ancestry.

Equol: a metabolite of gut microbiota with potential antitumor effects

“…Breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and a major cause of death among women [ 111 ]. It is an hormone-dependent tumor, and increasing evidence suggests that endogenous estrogen plays a crucial role in its development.…”

“…It is an hormone-dependent tumor, and increasing evidence suggests that endogenous estrogen plays a crucial role in its development. Elevated levels of endogenous estrogen are considered one of the mechanisms for breast cancer incidence [ 111 ]. Equol, due to its similar chemical structure to 17-β estradiol, exhibits estrogenic activity and is known for its classic biological activity as an estrogen-like compound [ 112 ].…”

Simultaneous Detection of Micro-RNAs by a Disposable Biosensor via the Click Chemistry Connection Strategy

“…The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has predicted that the global cancer burden will reach 28.4 million cases in 2024 . Female breast cancer surpassed lung cancer as the most prevalent cancer in the world as early as 2020. , The incidence rates of breast cancer are still rising rapidly in South America, Africa, and high-income Asian countries. In the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region, 66 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every hour and 18 die from it .…”

Safety of Pregnancy After Breast Cancer in BRCA Mutation Carriers

“…It is likely that the lack of representation from specific world regions is largely explained by inadequate availability of both genetic testing and reproductive endocrinology programs . Despite frequency of triple-negative breast cancer (a documented risk factor for BRCA mutation-related hereditary cancer susceptibility) being notably higher in western sub–Saharan African women, population-based data on BRCA mutation carrier status are sparse because of testing costs and a lack of genetic counseling services . Similar access issues are seen in Southeast Asia …”