“…For decades, effective implementation strategies have been developed to optimize the advancements in the fields of tumor survivorship, diagnosis, treatment, and end-of-life care [10]. For instance, a series of treatments have been developed to conquer cancers with high uncontrolled cell division and heterogeneity, including surgery (e.g., laparoscopic rectal surgery and robotic surgery) [11,12], photothermal therapy (PTT) [13][14][15], radiotherapy [16], chemotherapy [17], oncolytic virotherapy [18], RNA vaccine [19,20], hormone therapy [21], peptide-based neoantigen vaccine [22,23], gene therapy [24][25][26], immunotherapy (e.g., immune cells and checkpoint inhibitors) [2], and even nanomaterial-mediated nanotheranostics (e.g., organic nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials, and organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials). Nevertheless, the aforementioned strategies have also revealed inherent shortcomings (e.g., severe toxicity, off-target effects, graft-versus-host disease, and drug delivery barriers), which collectively hinder the further improvement in cancer administration [27,28].…”