One Chance in a Million: Altruism and the Bone Marrow Registry

Bergstrom, Théodore C.; Garratt, Rodney; Sheehan‐Connor, Damien

doi:10.1257/aer.99.4.1309

Cited by 55 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…Possibly the patient would have survived without a transplant and possibly the patient will die despite receiving a transplant. In [6] we estimated the probability that providing a transplant will actually save a patient's life to be approximately 0.21. To determine the probability that adding an additional registrant will save a life during a single year, we must therefore multiply the probability found in Table 6 by 0.21.…”

Section: Lives Saved By An Additional Registrantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The probability distribution of this person's type will be a mixture distribution with a weight of one-fourth for each of the possible biracial pairs consisting of one paternal and one maternal grandparent. 6 The probability of having a match in the registry will be the arithmetic mean of the probabilities of finding a match for persons of these four possible biracial combinations. Suppose, for example, that a patient has one biracial parent of Asian-American and white descent and one biracial parent of African-American and Hispanic-American descent.…”

Section: Matching For Multiple-race Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…does not have statistics on the success rates of mixed race patients." Several studies, [4], [14], [6], [32], [1], [12], have estimated matching probabilities for persons of single races. But as far as we know, there are no published estimates of matching probabilities for persons of mixed race.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stem Cell Donor Matching for Patients of Mixed Race

Bergstrom¹,

Garratt²,

Sheehan‐Connor³

2012

The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis &Amp; Policy

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The plight of mixed-race leukemia patients unable to find stem cell donors with matching immunity types has received much media attention. Because of small samples, direct estimation of the distribution of immunity types for persons of mixed race has not been possible. However, because the alleles that control immunity type are located close together on a single chromosome, it is possible to estimate the distribution of types for mixed races, by using existing estimates of haplotype distributions for single races. We provide such estimates and calculate probabilities that persons of specific mixed-race combinations can find a match in the existing registry of potential donors. We also estimate probabilities that adding mixed-race donors to the registry will result in a life-saving match for a patient in need of a transplant and we compare the benefits and costs of adding new registrants of specified race or mixed race to the registry.

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Section: Lives Saved By An Additional Registrantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Matching For Multiple-race Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stem Cell Donor Matching for Patients of Mixed Race

Bergstrom¹,

Garratt²,

Sheehan‐Connor³

2012

The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis &Amp; Policy

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“…It is worth emphasizing that there is a size for a donor registry beyond which adding extra donors is no longer costeffective. 15 Establishing a cord blood program can reduce the proportion of patients for whom no donor is found. Importantly, using a combined adult donor and cord blood search, fewer than 5% of patients would have failed to find a match in our Kings College Hospital study.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cord blood stem cells for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the UK: how big should the bank be?

Querol¹,

Mufti²,

Marsh³

et al. 2009

Haematologica

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BackgroundA stored cord blood donation may be a valuable source of hemopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation when a matched sibling donor is not available. We carried out a study to define the optimal size of a national cord blood bank for the UK. Design and MethodsWe calculated the actual numbers of possible donors and the chance of finding at least one donor for 2,000 unselected and for 722 non-North Western European patients for whom searches had been initiated as a function of three levels of HLA matching (4, 5 and 6 out of 6 alleles by HLA-A, -B low and -DRB1 high resolution HLA typing) according to various donor bank sizes. ResultsWith a bank size of 50,000, 80% of patients will have at least one donor unit available at the 5 out of 6 HLA allele match level (median 9 donors per patient), and 98% will have at least one donor at the 4 out of 6 allele match level (median 261). Doubling the size of the bank yields at least one donor for only an additional 6% of patients at the 5 of 6 allele match level. Moreover, for non-North Western European patients a 50,000 unit bank provides a donor for 50% at the 5 allele match level, and for 96% at the 4 allele match level. ConclusionsA bank containing 50,000 units is optimal for the UK and larger banks would only marginally increase the chance of finding suitable units.

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“…The stances of biologists on race have biomedical and public health implications (e.g. Bergstrom, Garratt, & Sheehan-Connor, 2009;Risch et al, 2002), and they are passed on to the public via media outlets, often in forms over which they have limited control (Rachul, Ouellette, & Caulfield, 2011). Reporting on race can influence the ways laypeople make sense of new information about group differences (Condit & Bates, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Introduction: Genomics and philosophy of race

Winther

Millstein

Nielsen

2015

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in

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When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical SciencesPhilosophy of race has become a multi-faceted subfield of philosophy, drawing on philosophy of biology, metaphysics, philosophy of language, ethics, and political philosophy. Race cuts across disciplinary lines within philosophy. Moreover, disciplines outside philosophydincluding population genetics, anthropology, sociology, and educationdhave much to contribute to discourse about race. A persistent danger of interdisciplinary conversation is that of talking past each other. For instance, scholars in different disciplines have distinct race concepts and use local intellectual machinery to address questions about race. One simple way to address these issues is to have the relevant parties meet each other frequently and repeatedly. But there are some barriers to this strategy. It requires openness, patience, and charity from the participants, and physical proximity is an important consideration.We realized that our own geographic regiondthe San Francisco Bay Areadprovided the necessary concentration of open, patient, and charitable scholars from many disciplines interested in race. During the 2013e2014 academic year, our group of biologists, philosophers, and social scientists met for two workshops (Stanford, UC Davis) and a public conference (UC Santa Cruz) to discuss a variety of concerns surrounding genomics and race. As a group we shared a commitment to thinking critically about how theoretical population genetics and genomics conceptualize and model certain constructs, such as "populations," which, in turn, are deemed by some to be "races," as theoretical achievements move from a circumscribed biological domain out to the general public. There was of course not complete agreement, but we benefited tremendously from learning from each other. Indeed, we believe the papers in this special issue are evidence that we are now a group of philosophically-informed scientists and scientifically-informed philosophers.In the spirit of interdisciplinarity, and in the context of the explicit "talking points" topics presented by one of us (PI Winther) during the Stanford Fall 2013 meeting, organized by Edge and Rosenberg (topics found below), three themes ran through our group discussions and are evident in the papers in this issue:1. Populations and races (Millstein; Winther, Giordano, Edge, and Nielsen) 2. Examining controversies (Kaplan, Pigliucci, and Banta; Edge and Rosenberg; Spencer) 3. Pragmatics (Lorusso and Bacchini; Donovan)With respect to the first theme, our group addressed a variety of concepts of "population" and "race" and the implications of findings concerning human populations for our understanding of human races. In her contribution to this issue, Millstein adds an explicit temporal component to her causal interactionist population concept (2009, 2010) to help shed light on our understandings of race. In particular, she explores three "puzzles" that illustrate how temporality ...

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One Chance in a Million: Altruism and the Bone Marrow Registry

Cited by 55 publications

References 36 publications

Stem Cell Donor Matching for Patients of Mixed Race

Stem Cell Donor Matching for Patients of Mixed Race

Cord blood stem cells for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the UK: how big should the bank be?

Introduction: Genomics and philosophy of race

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