“…As Edwards-Groves (2012) found, new pedagogical and literacy practices "have enabled students in their everyday life and in their classrooms to become multimodal designers of text, as writing now requires multimodality, creativity, and technological and technical creativity" (p. 99). Teachers who utilize multimodal methods often organize their curriculum activities so students engage with literacy curricula in a variety of ways: sometimes through sharing their out-of-school experiences (Fantozzi, Johnson, & Scherfen, 2017;Hull & Schultz, 2002), perhaps exploring cross-curricular writing in multimodal ways (Cook & Kirchoff, 2017;Jewitt, 2005), 'reading' the art in picture books in order to create a response (Martens, P., Martens, R., Doyle, Loomis, & Aghalarov, 2012), designing digital storytelling products (Hull & Katz, 2006;Shelby-Caffey, Úbéda, & Jenkins, 2014), or playing with and integrating digital technology (Hutchinson et al, 2012;Ware, 2006). These instances in the classroom, when teachers and learners expand what it means to be literate, can create spaces "for the blending of traditional and new literacy practices" (Shelby-Caffey et al, 2014, p. 199).…”