One-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in a microtube

Kruchkov, Alexander

doi:10.1103/physreva.93.043817

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It is possible to treat photon BEC with non-quantum formalisms from statistical mechanics or laser rate equations, where quantum effects only come in through bosonic stimulation or exchange statistics. Average populations for effectively two-dimensional [61] and onedimensional [62,63] landscapes are readily calculated from the Bose-Einstein distribution.…”

Section: Statistical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bose-Einstein condensation of photons from the thermodynamic limit to small photon numbers

Nyman

Walker

2017

Journal of Modern Optics

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Photons can come to thermal equilibrium at room temperature by scattering multiple times from a fluorescent dye. By confining the light and dye in a microcavity, a minimum energy is set and the photons can then show Bose-Einstein condensation. We present here the physical principles underlying photon thermalization and condensation, and review the literature on the subject. We then explore the 'small' regime where very few photons are needed for condensation. We compare thermal equilibrium results to a rate-equation model of microlasers, which includes spontaneous emission into the cavity, and we note that small systems result in ambiguity in the definition of threshold. FOREWORDThis article is written in memory of Danny Segal, who was a colleague of one of us (Rob Nyman) in the Quantum Optics and Laser Science group at Imperial College for many years. The topic of this article touches on the subject of dye lasers, the stuff of nightmares for any AMO physicist of his generation, but a stronger connection to Danny is that he was very supportive of my application for the fellowship that pushed my career forward, and funded this research. One of Danny's quirks was a strong dislike of flying. As a consequence, I had the pleasure of joining him on a 24 hour, four-train journey from London to Italy to a conference. That's a lot of time for story telling and forging memories for life. Danny was one of the good guys, and I sorely miss his good humour and advice.This article presents a gentle introduction to thermalization and Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of photons in dye-filled microcavities, followed by a review of the state of the art. We then note the similarity to microlasers, particularly when there are very few photons involved. We compare a simple non-equilibrium model for microlasers with an even simpler thermal equilibrium model for BEC and show that the models coincide for similar values of a 'smallness' parameter.

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Section: Statistical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Average populations for effectively two-dimensional [61] and onedimensional [62,63] landscapes are readily calculated from the Bose-Einstein distribution.…”

Section: Statistical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons from the thermodynamic limit to small photon numbers

Nyman

Walker

2017

Journal of Modern Optics

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“…For example, light can acquire nonzero chemical potential and form a BEC via mutual interactions mediated by matter in the form of hybridized light-matter particles called polaritons [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], photons in a plasma [8,9], cavity photons in a nonlinear resonator [10], and propagation of light in a nonlinear medium [11][12][13][14]. Photons can also thermalize with a number-conserving reservoir, and condense [15], in a dye-filled microcavity [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], an optomechanical cavity [25,26], an ideal gases composed of two kinds of atoms [27], a 1D microtube [28], and a fiber [29]. In all of these cases, the average photon number is approximately conserved either by photon confinement in a cavity or through the compensation of loss via nonequilibrium pumping.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Bose condensation of light via laser cooling of atoms

et al. 2019

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A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a quantum phase of matter achieved at low temperatures. Photons, one of the most prominent species of bosons, do not typically condense due to the lack of a particle number-conservation. We recently described a photon thermalization mechanism which gives rise to a grand canonical ensemble of light with effective photon number conservation between a subsystem and a particle reservoir. This mechanism occurs during Doppler laser cooling of atoms where the atoms serve as a temperature reservoir while the cooling laser photons serve as a particle reservoir. Here we address the question of the possibility of a BEC of photons in this laser cooling photon thermalization scenario and theoretically demonstrate that a Bose condensation of photons can be realized by cooling an ensemble of two-level atoms (realizable with alkaline earth atoms) inside a Fabry-Perot cavity. arXiv:1809.07777v1 [physics.atom-ph]

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“…Condensation of Bosons interacting only with incoherent phonons and spontaneous amplification of quantum coherence are theoretically reviewed in [46]. With a two-level model of gaseous medium the effective mass due to light trapping has been employed to examine the influence of intracavity medium on the parameters of light condensation [47] and for a one-dimensional condensate in a microtube [48]. Generalized superstatistics by the maximum entropy principle was applied to fluctuations of the photon Bose-Einstein condensate in a dye microcavity [49].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bose condensation of squeezed light

Morawetz

2019

Phys. Rev. B

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Light with a chemical potential and no mass is shown to possess a general phase-transition curve to Bose-Einstein condensation. This limiting density and temperature range is found by the diverging in-medium potential range of effective interaction. The inverse expansion series of the effective interaction from Bethe-Salpeter equation is employed exceeding the ladder approximation. While usually the absorption and emission with Dye molecules is considered, here it is proposed that squeezing can create also such a mean interaction leading to a chemical potential. The equivalence of squeezed light with a complex Bogoliubov transformation of interacting Bose system with finite lifetime is established with the help of which an effective gap is deduced where the squeezing parameter is related to an equivalent gap by |∆(ω)| = ω/(coth 2|z(ω)| − 1). This gap phase creates a finite condensate in agreement with the general limiting density and temperature range. In this sense it is shown that squeezing induces the same effect on light as an interaction leading to possible condensation. The phase diagram for condensation is presented due to squeezing and the appearance of two gaps is discussed.

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One-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in a microtube

Cited by 13 publications

References 37 publications

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons from the thermodynamic limit to small photon numbers

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons from the thermodynamic limit to small photon numbers

Theory of Bose condensation of light via laser cooling of atoms

Bose condensation of squeezed light

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