One-dimensional nanomaterials synthesized using high-energy ball milling and annealing process

Chen, Ying; Li, Chi Pui; Chen, Hua; Chen, Yongjun

doi:10.1016/j.stam.2006.11.014

Cited by 49 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Therefore, conventional ball milling system cannot be used directly to conduct any HEBM work and specially designed ball mills with a higher milling energy are preferred for HEBM. 43 Lattice relaxation of ZnO in z direction observed in our study has also been reported by a number of workers. For example, Bao et al 44 reported on the observation of slightly higher c values for ZnO thin films prepared on quartz glass substrates by sol-gel method.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Obtaining nanoparticles of ZnO in this size (30 nm) is a remarkable result, maybe due to the use of the high-energy ball milling technique. Other investigators have reported 41,43 that when the particles become small enough (typically hundreds of nm), further refinement cannot be observed due to equilibration of cold welding and fracturing. In these cases, this might be due to the use of the conventional ball milling technique, which is different from the high-energy ball milling used in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It has been reported that the impact energy of HEBM is typically 1000 times higher than the conventional ball milling energy. 43 The major use of the conventional ball milling is to fracture the particles and to reduce the size, while in high energy ball milling, a longer milling time can be achieved, which can help to activate and complete the structural changes and chemical reactions which are crucial to produce the desired structural changes or chemical reactions. HEBM can perform most of the work normally performed by conventional ball milling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

High-energy ball milling technique for ZnO nanoparticles as antibacterial material

Salah¹,

Habib²,

Khan³

et al. 2011

IJN

223

107

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Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) are increasingly recognized for their utility in biological applications. In this study, the high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique was used to produce nanoparticles of ZnO from its microcrystalline powder. Four samples were ball milled for 2, 10, 20, and 50 hours, respectively. The structural and optical modifications induced in the ‘as synthesized’ nanomaterials were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and photoluminescence emission spectra (PL). SEM and TEM results show a gradual decrease in particle size from around 600 to ∼30 nm, with increased milling time. The initial microstructures had random shapes, while the final shape became quite spherical. XRD analysis showed ZnO in a hexagonal structure, broadening in the diffracted peaks and going from larger to smaller particles along with a relaxation in the lattice constant c . The value of c was found to increase from 5.204 to 5.217 Å with a decrease in particle size (600 to ∼30 nm). PL result showed a new band at around 365 nm, whose intensity is found to increase as the particles size decreases. These remarkable structural and optical modifications induced in ZnO nanoparticles might prove useful for various applications. The increase in c value is an important factor for increasing the antibacterial effects of ZnO, suggesting that the HEBM technique is quite suitable for producing these nanoparticles for this purpose.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

High-energy ball milling technique for ZnO nanoparticles as antibacterial material

Salah¹,

Habib²,

Khan³

et al. 2011

IJN

223

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Chen and co-workers [14] have produced carbon nanotubes using HEBM. They used graphite as precursor and milled it for about 150 h at ambient temperature, followed by a heat treatment at 1,400 °C for 6 h in a nitrogen atmosphere.…”

Section: Nanotubes and Nanowiresmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Energy Milling

Alves

Bergmann

Berutti³

2013

Novel Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Materials

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Nanoparticles can be produced by mechanical attrition. Such nanoparticles are formed in a mill in which energy is used to transform course-grained materials into nanostructured powders. The particles themselves can have a size distribution of less than 100 nm, called a nanoparticle, or, as is common in materials milled using mechanical attrition, the product is highly crystalline, and the crystallite size after milling is between 1 and 10 nm in diameter, called nanocrystalline materials [1].The milling of materials has been a component of ceramic processing and powder metallurgy industries for many years. The main objectives of milling include mixing material or phases; particle size reduction; shape changing; solidstate alloying and modifying such properties of materials as density, flowability, or work hardening. Mechanical attrition began to be used in the late-1960s as a way to mix and decrease the size of metal powders in a process called Mechanical Alloying (MA). In the mid-1990s, several researchers were researching mechanical milling to synthesize a variety of stable and meta-stable phases of all classes of materials, from metals to ceramics and polymers.Different terms are used in the literature to denote the processing of powder particles in high-energy ball mills. Mechanical Alloying describes the process where mixtures of powders, usually of different metals or alloys/compounds, are milled together. Milling of uniform composition powders, such as pure metals, is called Mechanical Milling (MM). Another variation of milling is Cryomilling, where the milling operation is carried out at cryogenic temperatures, usually with liquid nitrogen. Mechanically Activated Annealing (M2A) is a process that combines mechanical alloying with isothermal annealing. For example, MA of molybdenum and silicon powders for 1-2 h in a planetary ball mill followed by a 2-24 h annealing at 800 °C produced the MoSi 2 phase [2].

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“…Barium hexaferrite was doped with foreign substances, and the changes on the properties of the materials were investigated. They discovered the relationship between the synthesis method and the properties of the materials [8,9]. In their studies, they found the method to optimize the magnetic properties of barium ferrite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Magnetic B-H Hysteresis Loops Through Stages of Microstructure Evolution of Bulk BaFe12 O 19

Huang

Hashim

Ismail

et al. 2015

J Supercond Nov Magn

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A series of polycrystalline BaFe 12 O 19 bulk samples produced have been used to investigate the parallel evolving relationship between the microstructural and magnetic properties of the magnetic material. The raw material starting powders were prepared via the mechanical alloying method and subsequently moulded and pressed by using a hydraulic pressing machine. The nanosized samples were sintered from 700 to 1300 • C with 100 • C increments in static air conditions. The sintered samples were characterized and analysed with increasing sintering temperature to study their crystallinity, microstructural and magnetic properties. The result shows the magnetic B-H hysteresis loop varies with grain size, which was attributed to the increasing crystallinity and changing magnetic parameters. The microstructural properties like grain size were measured by using FeSEM, the phase analysis of the material was analysed with X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and density was determined by a densimeter, while the hysteresis loop was measured by a B-H tracer and Curie temperature was measured with an impedance analyser. The characterized samples were found to be divided into three groups which consisted of grain size varied from 0.30 to 0.39 μm (paramagnetic state), 0.46 to 0.94 μm (intermediate ferromagnetic state) and ≥ 1.78 μm (strong ferromagnetic state). For the latter two groups, slanting sigmoid hysteresis loops were observed. Well-defined sigmoid-shaped B-H hysteresis loops were obtained when high crystallinity Ismayadi Ismail was attained, allowing strong exchange interaction between neighbouring atomic magnetic moments. This indicated that the ferromagnetic state had been achieved. The observed three B-H hysteresis groups exhibited different magnetic properties, and these behaviours are useful for industrial applications.

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One-dimensional nanomaterials synthesized using high-energy ball milling and annealing process

Cited by 49 publications

References 43 publications

High-energy ball milling technique for ZnO nanoparticles as antibacterial material

High-energy ball milling technique for ZnO nanoparticles as antibacterial material

High-Energy Milling

Development of Magnetic B-H Hysteresis Loops Through Stages of Microstructure Evolution of Bulk BaFe12 O 19

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