One-eartip solution for pure-tone audiometry and acoustic immittance measurements: using insert earphone with an immittance probe ear tip

Ramatsoma, Hlologelo; Koekemoer, Dirk; Clark, Jackie L.; Malan, Keagan

doi:10.1080/14992027.2021.1933623

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Balanced armature drivers use a smaller, more precise armature and a balanced magnetic field to produce sound. Finally, planar magnetic drivers use a thin film membrane with a conductive layer and an array of magnets to create sound [13]. Each type of driver has its own unique properties and can produce a distinct sound profile.…”

Section: Design Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Earphone Design Using Principal Component Analysis

Lui,

Lee

2023

Applied Sciences

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This research investigated a mathematical model of earphone design with principal component analysis. Along with simplifying the design problem, a predictive model for the sound quality indicators, namely, total harmonic distortion, power of output, range of frequency response, signal-to-noise ratio, impedance of the speaker, and headroom, was formulated. (1) Background: Earphone design is a difficult problem requiring excessive experience and know-how in the process. Therefore, this research was developed to formulate a predictive model to facilitate the design process. (2) Methods: A simplified model for the design was developed in previous research, while the sound quality indicators were found to be connected to the eight material-specific parameters. Simultaneously, a principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to decrease the number of input variables and create a more convenient and streamlined model. (3) Results: The principal component analysis-based approach obtained suboptimal predictive accuracy for the sound quality indicators, but a simplified formulation was obtained. (4) Conclusions: Based on the development and comparison of the modelling approach, it can be seen that principal component analysis can be utilized to simplify the mathematical model of the earphone design problem with a trade-off of accuracy.

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Section: Design Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Earphone Design Using Principal Component Analysis

Lui,

Lee

2023

Applied Sciences

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“…For instance, different technologies can be applied to the divers so that the air can be vibrated with diversified techniques. Also, in some high-end earphones, multiple drivers (Bi, Sun, Liu, & Cao, 2022) would be included in order to enrich the frequency range of the generated sound, while the drivers can be mixed and applied to some special products (Ramatsoma, Koekemoer, Clark, & Malan, 2021). First, with respect to technology nowadays, there are three types of headphone drivers that can be found in the market, and they are highlighted in the following table (Table 2).…”

Section: Diaphragmmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation of the Earphone Design with Regression Analysis

Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management

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The current research work provides an investigation into the connection between the design parameters of an earphone and the sound quality performance in order to generate recommendations for future designs. As the earphone design was highly dependent on the empirical experience of the engineers, along with extensive trial and error, it was found to be difficult for research and development. Therefore, the current study sought a systematic approach to deal with the design. Along with the simplification of the earphone design problem, the sound quality performance outcomes were characterized by six factors, including total harmonic distortion, output power, frequency response, signal-tonoise ratio, speaker impedance, and headroom with seven levels with eight design parameters for the selection of types of divers (dynamic driver/moving coil, balanced armature driver, and planar magnetic driver), magnet (N35, N40, N45, and N50 Grade Neodymium Magnet), voice coils (copper wire, copper-covered aluminium wire, and silver wire), and diaphragm (polyethene terephthalate, polyethene naphtholate, polyetheretherketone, and polyetheretherketone + polyurethane) for the two drivers with zeros for the earphone products with a single driver. After the consolidation of the data from the manufacturer, regression analysis was conducted, while the six equations were formulated, and the models highlighted the importance of the selection of the type of primary driver and the irrelevance of the type of secondary driver. The result not only provides a direct and evidence recommendation for the research and development of earphones, but the research work also proposes an innovative way for knowledge generation from the information as well as existing data.

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