One Europe or None

Abstract

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos.Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença.Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra.Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. One Europe or None Autor(es):Sakwa, Richard One Europe or NoneRichard Sakwa University of Kent R.Sakwa@kent.ac.uk Abstract:The European post-Cold War order assumed monist forms. Instead of the geopolitical and ideological diversity sought by Mikhail Gorbachev as he brought the Cold War to an end in the late 1980s, a type of monist cold peace was imposed in which Atlantic security institutions and ideas were consolidated. The monism was both institutional and ideational, and the two reinforced each other in a hermetic order that sought to insulate itself from critique and transformation. Russia was excluded as anything but subaltern. The post-Cold War European peace order was thus built on weak foundations, provoking a cycle of mimetic rivalry. In Russia the fateful dialectic of external challenge and domestic stultification once again operated, heightening the Kremlin's threat perceptions. Russia's relations with the European Union (EU) and Washington veered between the cooperative and the confrontational, until settling into a conflictual mode in 2014, as it is argued in the article.Keywords: monism, neo-revisionism, Russia, European Union, United States It would not be unreasonable to suggest that it was incumbent on those who claimed to have won the Cold War to create the conditions for a viable and enduring peace. Just as there were no real victors after the Great War, yet a punitive peace was imposed on Germany that created the conditions for the renewal of conflict, so too the peace order after 1989 reflected the asymmetrical end to the Cold War. On the one side the institutions that had maintained the Soviet bloc were dismantled, whereas on the other side the Atlantic security system was maintained and in the end enlarged to encompass much of the territory of its former adversary. The European post-Cold War order assumed monist forms. Instead of the geopolitical and ideological diversity sought by Mikhail Gorbachev as he brought the Cold War to an e...

From Soviet to Post-Soviet Remembrance of the Shoah in Ukraine : Memory Trapped Between the Pursuits of Identity and Post-Soviet Nation-Building

“…In particular, the Holodomor […] was crucial for the nation's selfidentification." 113 Against this general background of externalizing one's past, of using a narrative of being a victim of genocide to claim rights and avoid a self-critical historical introspection, post-Soviet Ukraine had indeed to come to terms with the Holodomor, which could not be discussed during Soviet times, and had to find answers to the question whether it was a genocide, after all. The Ukrainian-American political scientist Alexander Motyl asked in 1993:…”