One Health and Global Health View of Antimicrobial Susceptibility through the “Eye” of Aeromonas: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

First report and characterization of a plasmid-encodedblaSFO-1in a multi-drug resistantAeromonas hydrophilaclinical isolate

“…Aeromonas spp., discharged in final effluent have been identified with the following carbapenemases bla KPC-2, bla VIM-2, bla OXA-48, bla IMP-13, bla GES and bla MOX genes [47]. Their presence in treated effluent emphasizes the potential role Aeromonas can serve as a vehicle for transferring dangerous ARGs across environmental sectors [3], as well as an opportunist for exchanging ARGs both intra- and interspecies.…”

“…In previous work, we used Aeromonas as a global indicator species for analyzing antimicrobial resistance over a twenty-year period. We identified similar resistance levels across human, agricultural, and environmental sectors for the majority of 21 antimicrobials; the few exceptions were mainly of last resort antimicrobial like cefepime and aztreonam [3]. Among these antibiotics, wastewater contains significantly higher resistance profiles than all other sectors, which stresses that wastewater may be an origin or source for increased HGT and ARG acquisition.…”

“…Alarmingly, broad-spectrum and last-resort antibiotics are becoming more frequently employed than ever before [2]. Consequently, as these compounds' usage increases, so does the identification of bacterial strains resistant to them [3].…”

“…However, a challenge for using this tactic against AMR resides in identifying a proper indicator species. One potential indicator which has been proposed is Aeromonas [3]. This genus of bacteria resides ubiquitously in aquatic environments across the globe, including freshwater to brackish, and have been correlated with a variety of diseases among cold- and warm-blooded animals [11].…”

“…Furthermore, aeromonads readily participate in both intra- and interspecies horizontal gene transfer (HGT) [14], allowing for monitoring of ARGs within an environment [15]. Aquaculture and wastewater treatment facilities, both common habitats for Aeromonas [3,16], have been identified as hot-spots of ARGs transmission [17]. Therefore, it has been proposed that aeromonads may provide a useful tool in tracking antimicrobial resistance patterns around the world [3,18].…”