One health approach of campylobacteriosis in Egypt: An emerging zoonotic disease

Abstract

World Health Organization (WHO) defined zoonotic diseases as diseases transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa with or without vector, where more than 75% of the human’s diseases have been transmitted from animals or their products. Nevertheless, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important food borne zoonotic diseases that is likely to challenge global public health all over the world. In Egypt, campylobacteriosis causes severe losses in comparison with other food borne pathogens like Salmonella or Escherichia coli. The potential sources of Campylobacter transmission are poultry backyards and meat, cattle meat, raw milk and water. The main clinical manifestations of human’s campylobacteriosis are gastroenteritis and later on nervous signs. Prevention and control strategic plans of campylobacteriosis are very crucial.

Emergence of NDM-1-producing Raoultella ornithinolytica from reservoir water in Northeast Thailand

“…Our results revealed the presence of 12 ampicillin-resistant R. ornithinolytica isolates in the dam water. Raoultella ornithinolytica is commonly found in aquatic environments [ 10 ] and is considered a globally emerging dangerous zoonotic pathogen [ 11 ]. It has been detected in aquatic environments, including well water in China [ 19 ], wastewater in Japan [ 20 ], wastewater treatment plants in Spain [ 21 , 22 ] and the US [ 23 ], seafood processing plant in Thailand [ 24 ], and river water in the Philippines [ 25 ].…”

“…However, extensive data have indicated an association between this emerging bacterium and severe clinical human infections such as gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and urological infections [ 10 ]. Raoultella ornithinolytica was recently recognized as a global emerging zoonotic pathogen of concern [ 11 ], and its presence has been identified in meat products [ 12 ]. Furthermore, R. ornithinolytica strains that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) have been reported, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, New Delhi, metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas -type carbapenemases (IMP), and oxacillinase (OXA-48) [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Circulation of thermophilic Campylobacter in pigeons, turkeys, and humans at live bird markets in Egypt

“…In relation to the rate of Campylobacter infections in human population in Egypt, several previous studies documented that Campylobacterios is an important cause of diarrhea in children in the country (39)(40)(41). In this respect, up to 85% of children in Egypt were found infected with Campylobacter sp.…”

Campylobacter occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile in under five-year-old diarrheal children, backyard farm animals, and companion pets

“…In general, the resistance of Campylobacter to ciprofloxacin and doxycycline in the present study may be due to the common use of these antimicrobials for treating enteric infections in the study area. The predominance of resistance in isolates from backyard poultry where Campylobacter can easily multiply, survive in droppings for up to 6 days after excretion [73] and spread to children, humans, and companion pets is of particular concern. The observed resistance in poultry may be due to specific poultry-associated mechanisms, reverse zoonotic transmission, acquired resistance from wild birds, local farming, or environmental sources, rather than selection pressure, as antimicrobials are not used in backyard poultry in this particular setting.…”