One Health Approach to Leishmaniases: Understanding the Disease Dynamics through Diagnostic Tools

Hong, Ahyun; Zampieri, Ricardo Andrade; Shaw, Jeffrey Jon; Flöeter-Winter, Lucile Maria; Laranjeira-Silva, Maria Fernanda

doi:10.3390/pathogens9100809

Cited by 57 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 179 publications

(248 reference statements)

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“…25 , 26 Endemic in some 100 countries, the leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases caused by about 20 species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through a bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies of over 90 species. 25 , 27 , 28 Due to poor programming and reporting, the true level of disease prevalence is unknown. It is estimated that 1.6 billion of the world’s population lives in areas of potential risk of leishmaniases transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerabilities to and the Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Impacts of the Leishmaniases: A Review

Grifferty¹,

Shirley²,

McGloin

et al. 2021

RRTM

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The leishmaniases are a group of four vector-borne neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) with 1.6 billion people in some 100 countries at risk. They occur in certain eco-epidemiological foci that reflect manipulation by human activities, such as migration, urbanization and deforestation, of which poverty, conflict and climate change are key drivers. Given their synergistic impacts, risk factors and the vulnerabilities of poor populations and the launch of a new 2030 roadmap for NTDs in the context of the global sustainability agenda, it is warranted to update the state of knowledge of the leishmaniases and their effects. Using existing literature, we review socioeconomic and psychosocial impacts of leishmaniasis within a framework of risk factors and vulnerabilities to help inform policy interventions. Studies show that poverty is an overarching primary risk factor. Low-income status fosters inadequate housing, malnutrition and lack of sanitation, which create and exacerbate complexities in access to care and treatment outcomes as well as education and awareness. The co-occurrence of the leishmaniases with malnutrition and HIV infection further complicate diagnosis and treatment, leading to poor diagnostic outcomes and therapeutic response. Even with free treatment, households may suffer catastrophic health expenditure from direct and indirect medical costs, which compounds existing financial strain in low-income communities for households and healthcare systems. The dermatological presentations of the leishmaniases may result in long-term severe disfigurement, leading to stigmatization, reduced quality of life, discrimination and mental health issues. A substantial amount of recent literature points to the vulnerability pathways and burden of leishmaniasis on women, in particular, who disproportionately suffer from these impacts. These emerging foci demonstrate a need for continued international efforts to address key risk factors and population vulnerabilities if leishmaniasis control, and ultimately elimination, is to be achieved by 2030.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerabilities to and the Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Impacts of the Leishmaniases: A Review

Grifferty¹,

Shirley²,

McGloin

et al. 2021

RRTM

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“…Anthropogenic factors tend to reorient the composition and behavior of sand y vectors. To date, there are at least 50 different sand y species transmitting leishmaniases [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma Gondii and Leishmania Spp. Infections in Apparently Healthy Dogs in West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Gebremedhin

Serba

Tola

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background In urban settings, the presence of a high density of human population and contacts with domestic and or stray animals such as dogs and cats can be risk factors for the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Leishmania spp. are zoonotic protozoon parasites with great health burdens worldwide. Methods A cross-sectional study was used to investigate the antibody prevalence and risk factors of T. gondii and Leishmania spp. infections in 385 randomly selected dogs of Ambo, Bako, and Gojo towns of West Shewa zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. A questionnaire survey was administered to households to collect data on potential risk factors. Dog sera samples were assayed for T. gondii IgG antibodies by using the direct agglutination test while Leishmania spp. specific antibodies were tested using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results An overall 82.86% (95% CI): 78.71–86.49%) and 92.47% (95% CI: 89.36–94.90%) seroprevalence of T. gondii and Leishmania spp. was found respectively. Seropositivity for both T. gondii and Leishmania spp was found in 82.58% of the dogs. None of the investigated factors were associated with Leishmania spp. seropositivity (p > 0.05). Furthermore, altitude, sex, breed, housing, feeding, educational level of head of the household, and the living area of dogs were not significantly associated with T. gondii seropositivity (p > 0.05). The seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly different between the study towns (p = 0.003). The risk of T. gondii infection was 2.71 times higher in adult dogs than juvenile dogs (p = 0.043). Dogs kept simultaneously with other domestic animals had increased odds of T. gondii seropositivity as compared to those with no other domestic animals (Adjusted Odds ratio: 1.96, p = 0.021). Conclusions The high seropositivity and the concomitant presence of antibodies of T. gondii and Leishmania spp. in dogs suggest the widespread nature of these parasites in the environment and the high potential of transmission to other animals and humans. Further epidemiological studies, isolation and molecular characterization of the parasites, and educational campaigns are suggested.

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“…As zoonoses representam 75% das doenças emergentes e reemergentes ao redor do mundo (ZANELLA, 2016). Os principais fatores que impulsionam a propagação destas doenças são os ambientais (mudança climática, desmatamento), a movimentação populacional (migração, aumento das viagens internacionais), os fatores socioeconômicos e políticos (pobreza, falta de vontade política, guerras/conflitos) e os fatores genéticos, incluindo a adaptação ao hospedeiro e a suscetibilidade à infecção (HONG et al, 2020). Diante de uma infraestrutura sanitária deficiente, desigualdades sociais explícitas e enraizadas, com uma relação de proximidade com animais domésticos e silvestres, temos como desfecho um cenário favorável às endemias e pandemias zoonóticas.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Pesquisa em Saúde: Relatos, Fundamentos e Práticas

Oliveira¹

2021

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A pesquisa científica é a aplicação prática de um conjunto de processos metodológicos de investigação utilizados por um pesquisador para o desenvolvimento de um estudo. Ela caracteriza-se por ser uma investigação extremamente disciplinada, que segue as regras formais do método científico para adquirir as informações necessárias, levantando hipóteses de pesquisas que serão testadas e posteriormente aceitas ou refutadas. A partir deste conjunto de procedimentos, a pesquisa científica na área da saúde tem como objetivo encontrar respostas para determinadas questões, de maneira a produzir novos conhecimentos que visem o benefício da saúde individual e coletiva. A construção do conhecimento científico na área da saúde deve-se à realização de investimentos financeiros e da dedicação de pesquisadores, que por muitas vezes não conseguirão ver a aplicabilidade imediata dos resultados das suas pesquisas. Aqui cabe destacar que a pesquisa em saúde é uma área muito dinâmica, que evolui constantemente, e cada pesquisa publicada consiste em uma parcela de conhecimento, que quando agregado, poderá ser utilizado no processo de tomada de decisão. Nesse sentido, a prática da saúde baseada em evidências consiste em utilizar os melhores conhecimentos científicos disponíveis para nortear as decisões clínicas em situações reais do diaa-dia. Dessa forma, publicações como essa buscam fortalecer a pesquisa em saúde, oportunizando a divulgação de estudos que contribuam com a ampliação do conhecimento, sendo importantes para o processo de planejamento e tomada de decisão, o que torna a publicação e divulgação destes estudos de extrema importância. Esse livro reúne 12 capítulos de diversos campos da área da saúde. Foram objetos da obra estudos epidemiológicos, relatos de experiência e revisões de literatura. Os importantes temas apresentados possibilitaram discussões sobre a aplicabilidade das pesquisas em saúde, suas limitações, vantagens e perspectivas. Os capítulos publicados reforçam a importância da pesquisa em saúde e da necessidade de incentivo e valorização da produção de conhecimento qualificado e sistemático em saúde, sendo estes utilizados para melhorar a assistência em saúde da população e fortalecer os princípios da saúde baseada em evidência.

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One Health Approach to Leishmaniases: Understanding the Disease Dynamics through Diagnostic Tools

Cited by 57 publications

References 179 publications

Vulnerabilities to and the Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Impacts of the Leishmaniases: A Review

Vulnerabilities to and the Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Impacts of the Leishmaniases: A Review

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma Gondii and Leishmania Spp. Infections in Apparently Healthy Dogs in West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Pesquisa em Saúde: Relatos, Fundamentos e Práticas

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