One‐legged endurance training: leg blood flow and oxygen extraction during cycling exercise

Rud, Bjarne; Foss, Øivind; Krustrup, Peter; Secher, Niels H.; Hallén, Jostein

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02383.x

Cited by 43 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The small increase in vascular conductance for the arms, support that red cell deoxygenation, that is small for the arms, is important for blood flow regulation (Gonzalez‐Alonso et al., ) making blood flow directed to the muscles with the highest metabolic capacity. This distribution of flow to muscles demonstrating a large decrease in venous oxygen saturation was also found in a study where one leg was trained to increase its metabolic capacity (Rud et al., ). Blood flow and oxygen extraction were higher in the trained leg even though the legs exercised at exactly the same external power.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Metabolic and mechanical involvement of arms and legs in simulated double pole skiing

Rud

Secher

Nilsson

et al. 2013

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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We evaluated arm and leg work rate and metabolism during double pole ergometer skiing. Thermodilution arm and leg blood flow was determined together with the arterial to venous difference for oxygen, while the work rate was assessed in eight male recreational skiers [24 (SD 7) years]. When work rate increased from 82 (SE 4) to 117 (7) W, leg power increased by 43% (enhanced vertical force and displacement of the body). The elbow angle tended to increase [from 71 (11.3)° to 75 (10.9)°; P = 0.07] and arm oxygen uptake increased by 20 (5)% [from 0.65 (0.07) to 0.78 (0.08) L/min; P < 0.05] because two-arm blood flow increased [from 5.4 (0.6) to 6.3 (0.7) L/min; P < 0.05] with no significant change in oxygen extraction [from 59 (2.3)% to 60 (1.9)%] accompanied with net arm lactate and potassium release. In contrast, two-leg blood flow [from 5.8 (0.5) to 8.0 (0.5) L/min] and oxygen extraction [from 67 (1.3)% to 75 (1.5)%] increased (P < 0.05), resulting in a 53 (8)% increase in leg oxygen uptake [from 0.82 (0.06) to 1.24 (0.07) L/min; P < 0.05]. In conclusion, during double poling on an ergometer, arm muscle metabolism and work rate increase only marginally and an increase in work intensity is covered mainly by the leg muscles.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Metabolic and mechanical involvement of arms and legs in simulated double pole skiing

Rud

Secher

Nilsson

et al. 2013

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…In line with this, VO 2max is not improved with 4–7 weeks of one‐legged ET when Q max is not increased, even if maximal O 2 extraction is enhanced in the trained vs. control leg (Gleser , Rud et al . ). Indeed, muscle O 2 extraction is not maximal at VO 2max and recent experimental studies demonstrate a twofold functional reserve in untrained individuals (Calbet et al .…”

Section: Physiological Adaptations Of Importance For Improving Vo2maxmentioning

confidence: 97%

Biology of VO₂max: looking under the physiology lamp

2016

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In this review, we argue that several key features of maximal oxygen uptake (VO max) should underpin discussions about the biological and reductionist determinants of its interindividual variability: (i) training-induced increases in VO max are largely facilitated by expansion of red blood cell volume and an associated improvement in stroke volume, which also adapts independent of changes in red blood cell volume. These general concepts are also informed by cross-sectional studies in athletes that have very high values for VO max. Therefore, (ii) variations in VO max improvements with exercise training are also likely related to variations in these physiological determinants. (iii) All previously untrained individuals will respond to endurance exercise training in terms of improvements in VO max provided the stimulus exceeds a certain volume and/or intensity. Thus, genetic analysis and/or reductionist studies performed to understand or predict such variations might focus specifically on DNA variants or other molecular phenomena of relevance to these physiological pathways.

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“…The wide spectrum of physical activity levels exhibited by the subjects in this study afforded us the opportunity to examine the effect of muscle mass on blood flow in subjects with high and low aerobic capacity, as well as the impact of aerobic capacity on skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise. The impact of endurance training, which raises aerobic capacity, on blood flow in the exercising muscle has been equivocal, with previous studies reporting an increase in blood flow (21,31), a decrease in blood flow (17), and more subtle changes, such as reduced blood flow heterogeneity (13). These endurance training-induced effects have been attributed to changes in oxygen delivery and extraction (13,17,21,31), as well as an enhanced matching of blood flow to oxygen demand (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The impact of endurance training, which raises aerobic capacity, on blood flow in the exercising muscle has been equivocal, with previous studies reporting an increase in blood flow (21,31), a decrease in blood flow (17), and more subtle changes, such as reduced blood flow heterogeneity (13). These endurance training-induced effects have been attributed to changes in oxygen delivery and extraction (13,17,21,31), as well as an enhanced matching of blood flow to oxygen demand (12). In the present study, although blood flow tended to be higher in the high aerobic capacity group, this difference did not achieve statistical significance when assessed across absolute workloads.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of muscle mass in exercise-induced hyperemia

Garten

Groot

Rossman

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Exercise-induced hyperemia is often normalized for muscle mass, and this value is sometimes evaluated at relative exercise intensities to take muscle recruitment into account. Therefore, this study sought to better understand the impact of muscle mass on leg blood flow (LBF) during exercise. LBF was assessed by Doppler ultrasound in 27 young healthy male subjects performing knee-extensor (KE) exercise at three absolute (5, 15, and 25 W) and three relative [20, 40, and 60% of maximum KE (KEmax)] workloads. Thigh muscle mass (5.2-8.1 kg) and LBF were significantly correlated at rest (r = 0.54; P = 0.004). Exercise-induced hyperemia was linearly related to absolute workload, but revealed substantial between-subject variability, documented by the coefficient of variation (5 W: 17%; 15 W: 16%; 25 W: 16%). Quadriceps muscle mass (1.5-2.7 kg) and LBF were not correlated at 5, 15, or 25 W (r = 0.09-0.01; P = 0.7-0.9). Normalizing blood flow for quadriceps muscle mass did not improve the coefficient of variation at each absolute workload (5 W: 21%; 15 W: 21%; 25 W: 22%), while the additional evaluation at relative exercise intensities resulted in even greater variance (20% KEmax: 29%; 40% KEmax: 29%; 60% KEmax: 27%). Similar findings were documented when subjects were parsed into high and low aerobic capacity. Thus, in contrast to rest, blood flow during exercise is unrelated to muscle mass, and simply normalizing for muscle mass or comparing normalized blood flow at a given relative exercise intensity has no effect on the inherent blood flow variability. Therefore, during exercise, muscle mass does not appear to be a determinant of the hyperemic response.

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One‐legged endurance training: leg blood flow and oxygen extraction during cycling exercise

Cited by 43 publications

References 42 publications

Metabolic and mechanical involvement of arms and legs in simulated double pole skiing

Metabolic and mechanical involvement of arms and legs in simulated double pole skiing

Biology of VO₂max: looking under the physiology lamp

The role of muscle mass in exercise-induced hyperemia

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One‐legged endurance training: leg blood flow and oxygen extraction during cycling exercise

Cited by 43 publications

References 42 publications

Metabolic and mechanical involvement of arms and legs in simulated double pole skiing

Metabolic and mechanical involvement of arms and legs in simulated double pole skiing

Biology of VO2max: looking under the physiology lamp

The role of muscle mass in exercise-induced hyperemia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Biology of VO₂max: looking under the physiology lamp