Effective evaluation of taste sensation can be achieved by analyzing electronic tongue (e-tongue) data. Research on taste sensation evaluation of the e-tongue by nerve conduction mechanisms is limited, which affects the evaluation performance of the e-tongue. Therefore, in this paper, a method for evaluating the taste sensation of the e-tongue based on human taste conduction mechanisms, computational model of taste pathways (CMTP), is proposed. However, the limited physiological basis of the CMTP parameters influences the evaluation results. To achieve excellent evaluation performance, a parameter optimization algorithm using Hebbian and habituation learning rules is used to optimize the CMTP parameters. The effectiveness of the optimized results is demonstrated by the improvement in the dynamic characteristics of the CMTP. Next, the optimized CMTP (OCMTP) is used for pattern recognition and sweetness evaluation of the four taste substances. The results showed, first, that the dynamic characteristics (including 1/f characteristics and synchronization) of the OCMTP are improved, and the bionics of the OCMTP is enhanced. The optimized results are effective. Second, compared with the recognition results of four taste substances by the unoptimized CMTP (UCMTP), signal preprocessing methods, and multiclass classification models, the best classification accuracy of 95.38%, the best Kappa coefficient of 93.83%, and the best F1-score of 96.10% are acquired by the OCMTP. Finally, compared with the sweetness evaluation results of the UCMTP, signal preprocessing methods, and multiple evaluation models, the best evaluation performance, including an RMSE of 0.1643 and R2 of 0.9785, is obtained using the OCMTP. In conclusion, effective evaluation of taste sensation can be achieved by the OCMTP and an e-tongue.