One pot peroxidation of oleic acid rich Azadirachta indica oil over bio‐waste derived heterogeneous catalyst

Abstract

In this work, a heterogeneous catalyst was developed from waste fish bone. ZnO was deposited onto the waste fish bone to enhance the surface properties along with ion exchangeability. After characterization, the developed catalyst was found to have a much higher surface area (217 m2 · g−1) than that of raw fish bone (10 m2 · g−1). This catalyst was used during peroxidation of oleic acid rich Azadirachta indica oil (neem oil) to observe its suitability and efficiency. A quadratic model was developed with five input variables (temperature (T), time (t), g/g of catalyst (HZn), H2O2:oil ratio (γH:FA), formic acid:oil ratio (γF:FA)) and 2 output variables (Iodine value, Oxirane Oxygen Conversion). The optimized parametric values for T, t, HZn, γH:FA, and γF:FA were found to be 60 °C, 3.88 h, 20 g/g, 19.05:1, and 19.85:1 respectively. The final epoxidized oil was characterized using FTIR and 1HNMR. The reusability of the catalyst was studied both quantitatively and qualitatively.

A Review of Chemical Modification of Vegetable Oils and Their Applications

“…Furthermore, depositing metal oxide nanocomposites on bio-waste-derived materials is also an effective environmentally friendly method. Sahu and Mohanty [61] proposed a method by depositing zinc oxide on fish bones to improve its surface and ion exchange performance. It was applied to the epoxidation reaction of neem oil with an 84.3% conversion rate after 8 h of reaction time.…”

Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

“…Integrating the olefinic signals in proton and carbon spectra quantifies the cis / trans ratio . Another example of olefinic protons peak integration characterizes the catalytic epoxidation mechanism of oleic acid on ZnO . An FTIR instrument alone is incapable to determine the extent of thermal decomposition of an anionic surfactant (Alfoterra 123‐8s), while a 13 C NMR quantifies the decomposition and reveals which bonds react and how the starting material rearranges .…”