One‐pot synthesis of a multi‐template molecularly imprinted polymer for the extraction of six sulfonamide residues from milk before high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection

Abstract

A highly selective molecularly imprinted polymer sorbent was synthesized and employed for the simultaneous determination of six sulfonamide antibiotic residues (sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethizole) in milk samples. Multi-analyte imprinted particles were used as a sorbent in solid-phase extraction. Sulfonamides were separated on a high-performance liquid chromatography column (Merck-Lichrospher RP18e, 5 μm 250 × 4 mm) and further identified and quantified by diode array detection. Several parameters including required loading of the molecularly imprinted polymer sorbent, mass of milk, volume, and type of elution solvent, as well as time for absorption and elution were investigated to obtain optimal experimental conditions. For comparison purpose, a non-imprinted polymer was applied under the optimum conditions. The validation study according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC was based on the investigation of linearity, selectivity, stability, limits of detection and quantitation, decision limit, detection capability, trueness, precision, and ruggedness according to Youden's approach. The decision limit and detection capability values in the milk were achieved from 101.9 to 113.5 μg/kg and from 114.4 to 135.4 μg/kg, respectively, depending on the target sulfonamide drug. Finally, the optimized protocol was successfully applied to commercial milk samples and human breast milk.

Food Sample Preparation for the Determination of Sulfonamides by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: State-of-the-Art

“…Interesting approaches include FPSE [60], GMeS microextraction [61], and mini-SAE [62]. Reported novel materials include a magnetic hyper cross-linked polystyrene composite [58] and a magnetic graphene-based composite [59] utilized in MSPE protocols and multi-template MIPs prepared by sol-gel synthesis utilized in a SPE protocol [56]. Furthermore, SLE [63], QuEChERS extraction [64], and IL-MB-LPME [65] were reported for the extraction of SAs from milk products.…”

“…Analysis was carried out by HPLC-DAD. MISPE cartridge conditioning was omitted as an unnecessary step, thus reducing the time of the developed sample preparation protocol [56].…”

“…Two SPE protocols were reported for multi-veterinary drug extraction, including 18 SAs [55], and the extraction of six SAs [56] from milk samples. The first extraction protocol employed Oasis MCX cartridges (3 mL, 60 mg) (Waters, Milford, MA, USA).…”

Trends in sensitive detection and rapid removal of sulfonamides: A review

“…Polymers [117][118][119][120][121], molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) [47,[122][123][124][125][126], MOFs [127][128][129][130], and COFs [35,[131][132][133][134] have been utilized in the sensitive detection of sulfonamides. Their fascinating characteristics improve the enrichment performance.…”

A new ionic liquid surface‐imprinted polymer for selective solid‐phase‐extraction and determination of sulfonamides in environmental samples

“…Sulfonamides (SAs) are widely employed as anti‐infection drugs against human and animal disease, due to their low cost and broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity . However, it has been reported that most SAs cannot be completely absorbed by organisms; hence, they are discharged into the ambient environment in their original form or as metabolites .…”