“…As the most practical and active ORR electrocatalysts at present, Pt-based nanomaterials have attracted enormous attention and been greatly investigated. ,,,, Nevertheless, the limited resources and the high prices have severely hindered the large-scale applications of Pt-based electrocatalysts. ,,,, Fortunately, Pd ranks only second to Pt as the best single-metal ORR electrocatalyst and also has a ∼200-fold higher reserve in the earth crust, making it a promising alternative. ,,, However, Pd still possesses an unsatisfactory ORR electrocatalytic performance compared to Pt especially under acidic conditions. Therefore, several effective methods have been developed for increasing the surface active sites and particularly enhancing the intrinsic activity: (1) optimizing sizes and distributions, , (2) alloying with foreign elements, − (3) fabricating unique nanostructures, ,,− ,− ,,, (4) regulating surface crystal structures, ,,,,,,,,− and (5) utilizing proper supports, , and so on. The conventional optimizing strategy is to weaken the too-strong adsorptions of the oxygen-containing intermediates on Pd during the ORR.…”