“…We employ several control variables at individual, family, firm and contextual level. First, CEO characteristics affect the time to IPO (Romano et al, 2019;Yang et al, 2011), the risk attitude of family firms (Zona et al, 2023) and, generally speaking, IPO outcomes (Kallias et al, 2023). Therefore, we control for CEO age (CEO_AGE), the difference between IPO year and CEO born date, CEO education (CEO_EDU), a dummy variable equal to one if the CEO has a degree, 0 otherwise, and for CEO family (CEO_FAM), a dummy variable equal to one if the CEO is a family member, 0 otherwise.…”