One-step extraction of antimony from low-grade stibnite in Sodium Carbonate – Sodium Chloride binary molten salt

Ye, Longgang; Tang, Chaobo; Chen, Yongming; Yang, Shenghai; Yang, Jian-Guang; Zhang, Wenhai

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.018

Cited by 49 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…All experiments were carried out under a temperature of 900˝C (1173 K) for 180 min, the charging composition of 100 g stibnite, 30 wt. % coke of stibnite, of salt will dilute the concentrate of the reactant and increase the total dissolved loss of antimony in molten salt, which results in reducing of crude antimony productivity ultimately [14]. Therefore, the appropriate molten salt dosage is αsalt = 1.…”

Section: Molten Salt Dosagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our research group has done a great deal of investigations [11][12][13][14] and tried to modify and innovate the traditional antimony metallurgy. Some promising achievements have been acquired.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yang et al [12] separated 97.07% antimony (96.45% purity) from stibnite concentrate in NaOH-Na 2 CO 3 system at 880˝C (1153 K). Ye et al [14] extracted 92.88% antimony (purity 93.17%) in Na 2 CO 3 -NaCl system at 850˝C (1123 K). However, the sulfur-fixing agent they used was ZnO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-Step Extraction of Antimony in Low Temperature from Stibnite Concentrate Using Iron Oxide as Sulfur-Fixing Agent

Chen

Xue³

et al. 2016

Metals

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Abstract:A new process for one-step extraction of antimony in low temperature from stibnite concentrate by reductive sulfur-fixation smelting in sodium molten salt, using iron oxide as sulfur-fixing agent, was presented. The influences of molten salt addition and composition, ferric oxide dosage, smelting temperature and duration on extraction efficiency of antimony were investigated in details, respectively. The optimum conditions were determined as follows: 1.0 time stoichiometric requirement (α) of mixed sodium salt (α salt = 1.0), W NaCl :W salt = 40%, α Fe 2 O 3 = 1.0, W coke :W stibnite = 40%, where W represents weight, smelting at 850˝C (1123 K) for 60 min. Under the optimum conditions, the direct recovery rate of antimony can reach 91.48%, and crude antimony with a purity of 96.00% has been achieved. 95.31% of sulfur is fixed in form of FeS in the presence of iron oxide. Meanwhile, precious metals contained in stibnite concentrate are enriched and recovered comprehensively in crude antimony. In comparison to traditional antimony pyrometallurgical process, the smelting temperature of present process is reduced from 1150-1200˝C (1423-1473 K) to 850-900˝C (1123-1173 K). Sulfur obtained in stibnite is fixed in FeS which avoids SO 2 emission owing to the sulfur-fixing agent. Sodium salt can be regenerated and recycled in smelting system when the molten slag is operated to filter solid residue. The solid residue is subjected to mineral dressing operation to obtain iron sulfide concentrate which can be sold directly or roasted to regenerate into iron oxide.

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Section: Molten Salt Dosagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-Step Extraction of Antimony in Low Temperature from Stibnite Concentrate Using Iron Oxide as Sulfur-Fixing Agent

Chen

Xue³

et al. 2016

Metals

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“…To improve the operational environment, researchers have developed several processes of intensified smelting, such as O 2 -enriched smelting [8,9], molten salt smelting [10,11], and sulfur-fixing smelting [12]. In O 2 -enriched smelting, O 2 -enriched air is used to oxidise Sb 2 S 3 concentrate to obtain high-concentration SO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase and Morphology Transformations in Sulfur-Fixing and Reduction Roasting of Antimony Sulfide

Ouyang

Tang

et al. 2019

Metals

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Metallurgical extraction of antimony (Sb) currently has the limitations of high energy consumption and adverse environmental impact. In this study, we proposed a cleaning process to extract Sb by metallurgy and beneficiation based on S-fixing and reduction roasting of Sb2S3. Metallic Sb can be obtained directly by using zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbon as sulfur-fixing and reducing agents, respectively, at 600–1000 °C, wherein S is fixed in the form of ZnS. The thermodynamic feasibility of the process of roasting and the effects of a range of process parameters on Sb generation were investigated comprehensively. The optimum conditions for metallic Sb generation were determined to be as follows: temperature of 800 °C, C powder size of 100–150 mesh, ZnO content of 1.1 times its stoichiometric requirement (α), and reaction time of 2 h. Under the optimum conditions, the proportion of Sb distributed in the metal phase reached 90.44% and the S-fixing rate reached 94.86%. The phase transformation of Sb progressed as follows: Sb2S3→Sb2O3→Sb. The Sb particle had mainly spherical and hexahedral morphologies after quenching and furnace cooling, and bonded little with ZnS. This research is potentially beneficial for the further design process of Sb powder and ZnS recovery by mineral separation.

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“…However, this method consumed a large amount of lime and generated large amounts of calcium sulfide slag, which is not easy to be separated and utilized again. Our team [18] once proposed a one-step process to extract antimony from low-grade stibnite in Na 2 CO 3 -NaCl binary molten salt at a low temperature (873-1173K). However, the regeneration of molten salt was difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic and kinetics analysis of the sulfur-fixed roasting of antimony sulfide using ZnO as sulfur-fixing agent

Ouyang

Chen

Tian

et al. 2018

J min metall B Metall

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Currently, the commercial antimony metallurgy is mainly based on pyrometallurgical processes and oxidative volatilization of Sb 2 S 3 is an essential step. This step includes the problems of high energy consumption and low concentration of SO 2 pollution. Aiming at these problems, we present a new method of sulfur-fixing roasting of antimony sulfide. This method uses ZnO as a sulfur-fixing agent, and roasting with Sb 2 S 3 was carried out at 673 K~1073 K to produce Sb 2 O 3 and ZnS. By calculating the thermodynamics of the reactions, we can conclude that the Gibbs Free Energy Change (ΔG θ ) of roasting reaction is below -60 kJ/mol and the predominance areas of Sb 2 O 3 and ZnS are wide and right shifting with the temperature increase, which all indicates that this method is theoretically feasible. The reacted products between Sb 2 S 3 and ZnO indicated that the reaction began at 773 K and finished approximately at 973K. We used the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger and Coats-Redfern method to calculate the kinetics of the roasting reaction. The conclusion is as follows: The average values of apparent activation energy (E) and natural logarithmic frequency factor (lnA) calculated by Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger and Coats-Redfern were 189.72 kJ·mol -1 and 35.29 s -1 , respectively. The mechanism of this reaction was phase boundary reaction model . The kinetic equation is shown as follow, where α represents reaction fraction:

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One-step extraction of antimony from low-grade stibnite in Sodium Carbonate – Sodium Chloride binary molten salt

Cited by 49 publications

References 18 publications

One-Step Extraction of Antimony in Low Temperature from Stibnite Concentrate Using Iron Oxide as Sulfur-Fixing Agent

One-Step Extraction of Antimony in Low Temperature from Stibnite Concentrate Using Iron Oxide as Sulfur-Fixing Agent

Phase and Morphology Transformations in Sulfur-Fixing and Reduction Roasting of Antimony Sulfide

Thermodynamic and kinetics analysis of the sulfur-fixed roasting of antimony sulfide using ZnO as sulfur-fixing agent

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