One-Step, Facile and Ultrafast Synthesis of Phase- and Size-Controlled Pt–Bi Intermetallic Nanocatalysts through Continuous-Flow Microfluidics

Zhang, Dongtang; Wu, Fengmin; Peng, Manhua; Wang, Xiayan; Xia, Dingguo; Guo, Guangsheng

doi:10.1021/jacs.5b01088

Cited by 98 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…[ 259 ] Meanwhile, multiple advantages pertaining to continuous-fl ow microfl uids synthesis make it possible to be applied to synthesis of the large family of intermetallic catalysts. In spite of tremendous progress, their mass application is still limited by the scarcity and degradation due to the dissolution of Pt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐Pt Nanostructured Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Synthesis, Catalytic Activity and its Key Factors

Xia

Chen

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

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170

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caused by electrochemical polarization, Ohmic polarization and mass transport polarization. [ 4 ] The electrochemical reaction occurring on the cathode is oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It is kinetically much more sluggish as compared to anode reaction, thereby calling for effi cient ORR catalysts. [ 1 ] Basically for ORR catalysis there are two main pathways, i.e., direct 4e pathway (O 2 + 4H + + 4e − → 2H 2 O) and 2 by 2e pathway (O 2 + 2H + + 2e → H 2 O 2 , H 2 O 2 + 2H + + 2e → 2H 2 O), the latter of which ends up with H 2 O 2 generation in 2-electron pathway or H 2 O generation in 4-electron pathway, making the 4-electron pathway more efficient and desirable. [ 1,5 ] In the past few decades, Pt catalysts have been considered to be the best catalysts; however, typical problems facing Pt, including unsatisfactory long-term durability due to dissolution, methanol crossover and CO poisoning, are hindrances to mass application of PEMFC and make it a nontrivial issue to develop some novel cathode electrocatalysts. [ 6,7 ] Moreover, around half of the cost of PEMFC power system is the fuel cell stack cost, a large proportion of which stems from expensive Pt catalysts; unlike other stack components, Pt catalyst cost seems to be less affected by economies of sale due to the scarcity and increasing demand of Pt. [ 8 ] Many strategies have therefore been proposed to address these challenges. They can reasonably be classifi ed into two types, i.e., lowering the Pt concentration by mixing Pt with other metals to form Pt-based alloys [ 7,9 ] or Pt-skin/skeleton surface structures, [ 10,11 ] and developing non-Pt catalysts [ 12 ] or even metalfree catalysts. [ 13 ] Recently, a wide variety of non-Pt ORR catalysts have been intensively studied as substitutes for state-ofthe-art Pt or Pt-based catalysts. Monometallic catalysts such as Au, Ag with tunable particle size, morphology and preferential surface orientation have attracted growing attention due to their enhanced activities; in particular, monometallic catalysts supported on graphene or its derivatives are shown to have extraordinary catalytic performance and long-term durability since graphene, with its sp 2 -hybridized honeycomb structure, enhances mass transport and electron transfer, and the synergetic coupling between monometallic catalysts and graphene supports prevents the occurrence of particle dissolution and aggregation. [ 6,14 ] Similarly, metal chalcogenides grown on (heteroatom-doped) graphenes have noticeably higher ORR activities relative to unsupported counterparts due to the Pt-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are the topic of extensive and intensive research since a few decades. Nevertheless, the scarcity of these Pt-based electrocatalysts, their high cost and unsatisfactory durability are the primary hindrances to their further commercialization. In recent years, non-Pt electrocatalysts have garnered considerable interest as alternatives to Pt-based catalysts for the ORR. This review highlights the synthesis, catalyti...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐Pt Nanostructured Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Synthesis, Catalytic Activity and its Key Factors

Xia

Chen

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

Self Cite

170

107

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“…DiSalvo et al synthesized of PtBi by using EG as the only reducing agent . However, the synthesis protocol includes the use of an inert gas atmosphere and the total synthesis time is about 3 d. Depending on the reaction temperature, PtBi and γ‐PtBi 2 nanoparticles were produced in a continuous‐flow setup . Increasing the temperature to 350 °C led to phase‐pure trigonal γ‐PtBi 2 , whereas at lower temperatures PtBi or mixtures of PtBi and Pt occurred.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, an unmodified polyol process for the synthesis of intermetallic nanoparticles would be desirable. This has already been achieved for a few compounds, for example, Pd 3 Sn 2 , Pd 3 Pb, PtBi 2 , and PtBi , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Refinement of the Microwave‐Assisted Polyol Process for the Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Intermetallic Nanoparticles

et al. 2017

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The microwave-assisted polyol process was applied to synthesize phase-pure micro- or nanocrystalline intermetallic phases in the systems T-M (T = Co, Ni, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt and M = Sn, Sb, Pb, Bi). Reaction temperatures range between 240 and 300 degrees C, and reaction times of a few minutes up to 1 h are sufficient. For optimization of the syntheses, the reaction temperature, reaction time, and metal precursors were changed. To obtain phase-pure samples the process was further modified by the addition of potassium hydroxide, oleylamine, or oleic acid. Single-phase powders of a variety of intermetallic compounds were synthesized. Although not stable at the temperature of synthesis, high-temperature phases are accessible as well. The microwave-assisted polyol process opens up the possibility to synthesize intermetallic compounds through a fast and easily applicable one-step route, without utilization of strong and often toxic reducing agents

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“…Besides the study of proteins, the interface effect has been widely employed to synthesize and assemble many valuable materials, such as inorganic crystals [56], metal nanoparticles [57,58] and composite nanocrystals with integrated and collective functionalities [59,60]. The well-documented phenomenon of adsorption at the interface is expected to have a significant influence on the process of protein crystallization.…”

Section: Effect Of Protein Adsorption At the Liquid-liquid Interface mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Double Emulsion-Based, Plastic-Glass Hybrid Microfluidic Platform for Protein Crystallization

2015

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This paper reports the design and construction of a plastic-glass hybrid microfluidic platform for performing protein crystallization trials in nanoliter double emulsions. The double emulsion-based protein crystallization trials were implemented with both the vapor-diffusion method and microbatch method by controlling the diffusion of water between the inner and outer phases and by eliminating water evaporation. Double emulsions, whose inner and outer environments can be easily adjusted, can provide ideal conditions to explore protein crystallization with the advantages of a convection-free environment and a homogeneous interface. The property of the water-oil interface was demonstrated to be a critical factor for nucleation, and appropriate surfactants should be chosen to prevent protein adsorption at the interface. The results from the volume effect study showed a trend of fewer crystals and longer incubation time when the protein solution volume became smaller, suggesting that the nucleation in protein crystallization process can be controlled by changing the volume of protein solutions. Finally, sparse matrix screening was achieved using the double emulsion-based microbatch method. The double emulsion-based approach for protein crystallization is a promising tool for enhancing the crystal quality by controlling the nucleation process.

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One-Step, Facile and Ultrafast Synthesis of Phase- and Size-Controlled Pt–Bi Intermetallic Nanocatalysts through Continuous-Flow Microfluidics

Cited by 98 publications

References 43 publications

Non‐Pt Nanostructured Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Synthesis, Catalytic Activity and its Key Factors

Non‐Pt Nanostructured Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Synthesis, Catalytic Activity and its Key Factors

Refinement of the Microwave‐Assisted Polyol Process for the Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Intermetallic Nanoparticles

A Double Emulsion-Based, Plastic-Glass Hybrid Microfluidic Platform for Protein Crystallization

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