“…[12,23,24] Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), a semicrystalline polymer, is often used to prepare membrane due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, such as chemical resistance, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity. [1,22,23] The PVDF separation layer prepared by the NIPS method is generally composed of surface layer, finger-like macropores, and spongy pores. However, its surface layer is generally dense, and the interconnection of spongy pore structure is slightly poor, so the membrane permeation flux is low.…”