One-step high-value conversion of heavy oil into H2, C2H2 and carbon nanomaterials by non-thermal plasma

Regulation of the Reaction Route in Hydrogenation of Renewable Palm Oil Using NiMo Bimetallic Catalyst

“…The XRD pattern of 4.5Ni11Mo–S/CAC exhibited weak characteristic diffraction peaks, which may be attributed to low loading and high dispersion. However, the XRD patterns of 9Ni11Mo–S/CAC and 18Ni11Mo–S/CAC showed obvious characteristic peaks at 21.7°, 31.1°, 37.8°, 38.3°, 49.7°, 50.1°, and 55.3°, corresponding to (101), (110), (003), (021), (113), (211), and (300), which are consistent with the Ni 3 S 2 standard card (JCPDS: 44-1418). ,,, Notably, the intensity of characteristic peaks in the XRD pattern of the reported MoS 2 active centers was weak compared to that observed in this study. , A detailed comparison with the MoS 2 standard card (JCPDS: 17-0744) revealed that the crystal surfaces at 14.5°, 33.0°, 34.1°, 41.1°, 44.5°, 48.1°, and 58.3° corresponded to (003), (101), (012), (015), (009), (107), and (110).…”

“…18,29,32,33 Notably, the intensity of characteristic peaks in the XRD pattern of the reported MoS 2 active centers was weak compared to that observed in this study. 6,7 A detailed comparison with the MoS 2 standard card (JCPDS: 17-0744) revealed that the crystal surfaces at 14.5°, 33.0°, 34.1°, 41.1°, 44.5°, 48.1°, and 58.3°corresponded to (003), ( 101), (012), (015), (009), (107), and (110).…”

“…The abuse of fossil fuels has led to a serious shortage of energy and environmental pollution. , Thus, it is essential to explore renewable bioenergy as an alternative to fossil fuels. , Animal fats and vegetable oils containing triglycerides and free fatty acids are promising sources of biofuels due to their high carbon content. − However, their development is limited by high oxygen content and poor cold flow performance. ,,, Therefore, finding an efficient way to produce clean alternative fuels through selective deoxygenation (SDO) is a crucial issue to be addressed. Palm oil is a typical raw material for preparing high-quality biodiesel with high cetane number, zero oxygen content, high thermal stability, and oxidation stability, which have been widely studied. ,, …”

In‐Liquid Plasma Catalysis: Tools for Sustainable H2‐free Heavy Oils Upgrading

“…Additionally, the introduction of a plasma gas allows for better control over product selectivity. Others [15,36,37] claimed that SAD plasma is a type of discharge that amalgamates the benefits of thermal and non-thermal plasma, which maintains a high level of nonequilibrium, elevated electron temperature, and electron density. The SAD discharge system can also be integrated with heterogeneous catalyst to enable higher upgrading performance and product selectivity.…”

“…For example, the cleavage of heavy oil molecules by Ar plasma is shown in Scheme 1a. [37] Free Ar* radicals facilitate heavy oil decomposition, with aliphatic hydrocarbons cracking into H 2 , C 2 H 2 , and carbon nanoparticles, and aromatic hydrocarbons cracking into C 2 H 2 and carbonaceous particles. The cleavage of CÀ H and CÀ C bonds within aliphatic hydrocarbons, driven by both plasma and thermal effects, yields light-carbon radicals such as CH 3 *, C 2 H 3 *, and H* radicals.…”