One-step mechanochemical incorporation of an insoluble cesium additive for high performance planar heterojunction solar cells

Insight into the Mechanochemical Synthesis and Structural Evolution of Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Guanidinium Lead(II) Iodides

“…described for the first time the mechanochemical synthesis of a 3D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite, namely, CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 . Later on they were able to show how mechanochemistry can be used to incorporate other cations inside that structure . Recently, a study on the mechanochemical syntheses of inorganic perovskite‐type lead(II) halides was published by Pal et al .…”

Mechanosynthesis, Optical, and Morphological Properties of MA, FA, Cs‐SnX3 (X = I, Br) and Phase‐Pure Mixed‐Halide MASnIxBr3–x Perovskites

“…In general, preparation methods of perovskites require energy‐consuming solvothermal conditions using elevated temperatures and pressures for homogeneity of reaction mixtures . Recently, a broad set of alternative synthesis methods of metal halide perovskites involving ultrasound‐assisted,, microwave‐assisted, and mechanochemical approaches has been developed. Among them, the mechanochemical reactions offer a significant advance by avoiding the use of solvent, dramatically shortening synthesis times and providing phase‐pure products.…”

“…Among them, the mechanochemical reactions offer a significant advance by avoiding the use of solvent, dramatically shortening synthesis times and providing phase‐pure products. In the vast number of examples, the ball milling of simple salts does not often afford the desired compound, and in turn this procedure can pave the way for new compounds and phases not otherwise obtainable . Moreover, our pioneering work in the field demonstrated that the resulting mechanoperovskite materials enable the fabrication of high‐efficiency thin‐film photovoltaic devices .…”

“…Moreover, while conventional solution‐processing for Cs‐based perovskite synthesis is rather challenging due to the poor solubility of cesium halides in common organic solvents, the mechanochemical approach provided an efficient one‐step general method for incorporating poorly soluble salts into multi‐component perovskite crystal lattices. For example, CsCl, which is insoluble in DMSO and DMF, could be integrated as a new source of Cs cation into a triple‐cation perovskite composition and used for high performance planar heterojunction solar cells …”

Caesium for Perovskite Solar Cells: An Overview

“…In this respect, the scientific community is currently focused on developing both hybrid organic-inorganic and inorganic perovskite solar cellsbeing stable upon long-term operation, and this might be achieved by appropriate synthetic strategies, optimized compositions and in-depth analysis of crystallographic parameters. [276][277][278][279][280][281] At this point of development, thankst oC s-doping, the perovskites-based photovoltaict echnology can rely on reproducible and consolidated preparation procedures of the active materials,w hich represent af undamentalm ilestone in view of their widespread diffusion. Future studies shouldb ed evoted to identifying novel preparationt echniques likely under ambient conditions and optimization thereof towards production and commercialization of modules on alarge-scale.…”