We are reporting a synthesis of nickel and palladium (Ni-Pd) nanoflowers with excellent size and Calendula-like shapes using a wet-chemistry method for efficient alcohol oxidation reaction (AOR). The nanoflower structure has shown to have electrocatalytic activity to monohydric shorter carbon chain containing alcohols (C1-C4; methanol, ethanol, propanol and n-butanol). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal that the Ni-Pd nanoflowers catalyst has different electronic behavior due to flower-like structure and comparatively higher degree of alloy formation. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed a Calendula flower-like shape and crystalline structure of Ni-Pd. The electrochemical properties of the catalyst have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) in 1 M KOH electrolyte. For the first time, a comparative kinetic analysis has been investigated between four alcohol's catalysis. The higher electrocatalytic activity has increased in the order of C3 > C4 > C1 > C2. The overall AOR kinetic study has determined that the Ni-Pd is favorable due to Ni mediated alloyed formation and flower-like structure. The 3D flower-like nanostructures have been proven to be an effective way to improve the electrocatalytic activity and tolerance to poisoning intermediates of palladium (Pd) based electrocatalysts.
1,2The flower-like nanostructure of Pd or Pd alloy have been generated a huge interest due to their advantages, such as, larger surface area, highly active centers and corner atoms. 1 Most research efforts have been limited to the fabrication and application of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) due to strong redox catalytic effect, 13 whereas, the nanoflower structures have been shown to be more active and stable than their NPs format for the electrooxidation of methanol in alkaline medium.1 Therefore, it remains a challenge to directly synthesize Pd based nanoflowers via a chemical route and to compare these with PdNPs and/or Pd composite catalysts.Meanwhile, the platinum (Pt) based catalysts act as the best electrocatalysts in FCs, [14][15][16] that have been suffering from multiple problems, such as, the slow reaction kinetics, CO poisoning, the high cost, limited reserve in nature, poor durability and high CO 2 prodiction. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] It is, however, aiming at reducing the usage of the precious Pt metal and hence the cost of FCs, the development of non-Pt electrocatalysts has thus generated a great deal of interest.9 It has shown that the Pd is a promising electrocatalyst because of much cheaper than Pt and highly electroactive to the small organic molecules (i.e. lowmolecular weight alcohols) oxidation in alkaline media 1,3,24-26 for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) and/or proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), that are regarded as promising future and clean power sources.
27,28The addition of transition metal like nickel (Ni) to Pd can obviously further improve the overall electrocatalytic activities of Pd because of the b...