“…For ORR catalysts, the following basic conditions must be met: (1) good electrical conductivity; (2) high specific surface area; (3) abundant active sites [ 22 ]. Therefore, heteroatomic-doped nano-carbon materials are the most studied among non-metallic catalysts, including single-atom (such as N, S, P and B) doped carbon materials and multi-doped (such as N/S, N/B, N/P and N/P/S) carbon materials [ 6 , 12 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. From the above two aspects, this paper mainly summarizes the preliminary research progress of nonmetallic catalysts in oxygen reduction reactions, aiming at reducing the cost of cathode catalysts, improving the activity and stability of catalysts and prospecting the future research direction of non-platinum-based oxygen reduction catalysts.…”