“…Among them, the foremost techniques for biomass-derived CDs have been the hydrothermal/solvothermal method and pyrolysis. Hydrothermal/solvothermal carbonization is predominantly used to synthesize CDs because of its low-cost, eco-friendly, and nontoxic processes ( Yang et al., 2017 ; Bogireddy et al., 2019 ; Latha et al., 2020 ; Bogireddy et al., 2020b ; Bogireddy et al., 2020a ; Anuar et al., 2021 ; Ge et al., 2021 ). In addition, water soluble carbon dots are generally made from hydrothermal and microwave techniques ( Kang et al., 2020 ).…”