Onset of photosynthesis in spring speeds up monoterpene synthesis and leads to emission bursts

Aalto, Juho; Porcar‐Castell, Albert; Atherton, Jon; Kolari, Pasi; Pohja, Toivo; Hari, Pertti; Nikinmaa, Eero; Petäj̈ä, Tuukka; Bäck, Jaana

doi:10.1111/pce.12550

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(175 reference statements)

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“…Consistently, recent findings from the needles of field-grown Scots pines indicate that the ratio of de novo to storage pool emissions is not stable, but varies considerably in spring during photosynthetic recovery (Aalto et al, 2015). Our results indicating high MTS activity in young developing needles support this observation of highly dynamic biosynthesis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Pine foliage net carbon assimilation and transpiration is continuously monitored at the site with automated shoot 15 enclosures, as described e.g. in Altimir et al (2002) and Aalto et al (2015). For this study, running averages were calculated of daytime (PAR > 50 µmol m -2 s -1 ) carbon assimilation and transpiration for one week preceding needle sampling.…”

Section: Ancillary Data From the Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine

Vanhatalo¹,

Ghirardo²,

Juurola³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Seasonal variations in monoterpene emissions from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) are well documented, and emissions are often shown to follow the incident temperatures due to effects on compound volatility. Recent studies have indicated a link between monoterpene emissions and physiological drivers such as photosynthetic capacity during needle 15 development. The complex interplay between the dynamic changes in the biosynthetic capacity to produce monoterpenes and the temperature-dependent evaporation process of volatiles from internal storage reservoirs has not yet been studied under field conditions. Here, we analysed the relationships between needle monoterpene synthase activities, endogenous monoterpene storage pools and monoterpene emissions of needles in two consecutive years at a boreal forest site in Finland. 20The results showed changes in the monoterpene synthase activity of needles, linked to seasonality and needle ontogenesis, while the pool of stored monoterpenes (about 0.5% of dry weight) did not change considerably as a function of needle aging.Monoterpene emissions did not correlate directly with enzyme activity or the storage pool size. We observed notably high plant-to-plant variation in the biosynthesis rates of individual monoterpenes, which did not reflect the storage compound mixture. The enzyme activity producing δ-3-carene was only present in the first months after needle flushing, and decreased 25 with needle age, whereas δ-3-carene was abundant in the endogenous monoterpene pool and dominated the needle emissions.This study emphasizes the seasonal, developmental and intraspecific variability of monoterpene biosynthesis and storage, and calls for more in-depth analyses to reveal how such complex interaction affects monoterpene emissions from pine needles in boreal forests. 30Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Ancillary Data From the Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine

Vanhatalo¹,

Ghirardo²,

Juurola³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…This is most probably due to the low temperatures and its diurnal variation, letting the random variation in the flux data to dominate. In addition, Aalto et al (2015) observed that freezing-thawing cycles may increase the monoterpene emission capacity of Scots pine shoots; in late autumn and early spring such cycles are frequent and potentially hide the relation between temperature and emissions at least partially. Nevertheless, monoterpene fluxes in March were in a reasonable range being lower than in April (Table 2, Fig.…”

Section: Monoterpenes Their Emission Potentials and Differences To Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, the ecosystem scale flux measurements are rare. As an example, even though branch scale monoterpene emissions from Scots pine are well-studied (Ruuskanen et al, 2005;Tarvainen et al, 2005;Hakola et al, 2006;Aalto et al, 2014Aalto et al, , 2015, ecosystem scale emissions from Scots pine dominated forests have been mainly explored in short campaigns (Rinne et al, 2000bGhirardo et al, 2010). Longer time series have also consisted of measurements from May to September only (Räisänen et al, 2009;Taipale et al, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual cycle of volatile organic compound exchange between a boreal pine forest and the atmosphere

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Long-term flux measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOC) over boreal forests are rare, although the forests are known to emit considerable amounts of VOCs into the atmosphere. Thus, we measured fluxes of several VOCs and oxygenated VOCs over a Scots-pine-dominated boreal forest semi-continuously between May 2010 and December 2013. The VOC profiles were obtained with a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, and the fluxes were calculated using vertical concentration profiles and the surface layer profile method connected to the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. In total fluxes that differed significantly from zero on a monthly basis were observed for 13 out of 27 measured masses. Monoterpenes had the highest net emission in all seasons and statistically significant positive fluxes were detected from March until October. Other important compounds emitted were methanol, ethanol+formic acid, acetone and isoprene+methylbutenol. Oxygenated VOCs showed also deposition fluxes that were statistically different from zero. Isoprene+methylbutenol and monoterpene fluxes followed well the traditional isoprene algorithm and the hybrid algorithm, respectively. Emission potentials of monoterpenes were largest in late spring and autumn which was possibly driven by growth processes and decaying of soil litter, respectively. Conversely, largest emission potentials of isoprene+methylbutenol were found in July. Thus, we concluded that most of the emissions of m/z 69 at the site consisted of isoprene that originated from broadleaved trees.Methanol had deposition fluxes especially before sunrise. This can be connected to water films on surfaces. Based on this assumption, we were able to build an empirical algorithm for bi-directional methanol exchange that described both emission term and deposition term. Methanol emissions were highest in May and June and deposition level increased towards autumn, probably as a result of increasing relative humidity levels leading to predominance of deposition.

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“…The overestimation of MT proxy1 in winter time can be explained by the fact that MT proxy1 does not include the sink due to the oxidation of monoterpenes by NO 3 . On the other hand, it can also be related to the seasonal variation of the emission potential of vegetation, described by the coefficient a in our proxy (see also Tarvainen et al, 2005;Aalto et al, 2015). To improve the seasonal variation of MT proxy1 , we fitted a DOY-dependent function to the ratio between MT proxy1 and measurements (the red line in Fig.…”

Section: Proxy For Monoterpenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple proxies for estimating the concentrations of monoterpenes and their oxidation products at a boreal forest site

et al. 2016

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Abstract. The oxidation products of monoterpenes likely have a crucial role in the formation and growth of aerosol particles in boreal forests. However, the continuous measurements of monoterpene concentrations are usually not available on decadal timescales, and the direct measurements of the concentrations of monoterpene oxidation product have so far been scarce. In this study we developed proxies for the concentrations of monoterpenes and their oxidation products at a boreal forest site in Hyytiälä, southern Finland. For deriving the proxies we used the monoterpene concentration measured with a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) during 2006-2013. Our proxies for the monoterpene concentration take into account the temperature-controlled emissions from the forest ecosystem, the dilution caused by the mixing within the boundary layer and different oxidation processes. All the versions of our proxies captured the seasonal variation of the monoterpene concentration, the typical proxy-to-measurements ratios being between 0.8 and 1.3 in summer and between 0.6 and 2.6 in winter. In addition, the proxies were able to describe the diurnal variation of the monoterpene concentration rather well, especially in summer months. By utilizing one of the proxies, we calculated the concentration of oxidation products of monoterpenes by considering their production in the oxidation and their loss due to condensation on aerosol particles. The concentration of oxidation products was found to have a clear seasonal cycle, with a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter. The concentration of oxidation products was lowest in the morning or around noon and highest in the evening. In the future, our proxies for the monoterpene concentration and their oxidation products can be used, for example, in the analysis of new particle formation and growth in boreal environments.

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Onset of photosynthesis in spring speeds up monoterpene synthesis and leads to emission bursts

Cited by 41 publications

References 77 publications

Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine

Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine

Annual cycle of volatile organic compound exchange between a boreal pine forest and the atmosphere

Simple proxies for estimating the concentrations of monoterpenes and their oxidation products at a boreal forest site

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