Onset timing of treadmill belt perturbations influences stability during walking

Golyski, Pawel R.; Vazquez, Esmeralda; Leestma, Jennifer K.; Sawicki, Gregory S.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110800

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Balance perturbation methods and details : The full details of balance perturbation methods of each paper are given in Table 2 . Eight studies used a split-belt treadmill [ 8 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], five used a single-belt treadmill [ 9 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ], and six studies oscillated the treadmill during gait [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study applied perturbations at multiple points throughout the gait cycle [ 38 ]. One study perturbed participants at 40% of stance phase [ 39 ], and another study perturbed participants at 10, 15, 20, and 30% of the gait cycle [ 24 ]. Three studies did not specify when within the gait cycle perturbations were applied [ 32 , 41 , 47 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preferred or prescribed walking speed : Eighteen studies prescribed a fixed walking speed when subjected to perturbations [ 7 , 8 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 46 ]. Twelve studies allowed participants to walk at their preferred walking speed when perturbed [ 9 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 27 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 39 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five studies reported using CoP displacement as an outcome variable [ 8 , 23 , 36 , 39 , 44 ]. Seven studies reported on the margin of stability (MoS) [ 7 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 28 , 33 , 40 ] and one reported on the base of support (BoS) area [ 7 ]. All studies reported an increase in MoS; however, one study reported a decrease in MoS [ 20 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perturbations during Gait: A Systematic Review of Methodologies and Outcomes

Taylor

Walsh

Hawkins

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Background: Despite extensive literature regarding laboratory-based balance perturbations, there is no up-to-date systematic review of methods. This systematic review aimed to assess current perturbation methods and outcome variables used to report participant biomechanical responses during walking. Methods: Web of Science, CINAHL, and PubMed online databases were searched, for records from 2015, the last search was on 30th of May 2022. Studies were included where participants were 18+ years, with or without clinical conditions, conducted in non-hospital settings. Reviews were excluded. Participant descriptive, perturbation method, outcome variables and results were extracted and summarised. Bias was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross-sectional Studies risk of bias assessment tool. Qualitative analysis was performed as the review aimed to investigate methods used to apply perturbations. Results: 644 records were identified and 33 studies were included, totaling 779 participants. The most frequent method of balance perturbation during gait was by means of a treadmill translation. The most frequent outcome variable collected was participant step width, closely followed by step length. Most studies reported at least one spatiotemporal outcome variable. All included studies showed some risk of bias, generally related to reporting of sampling approaches. Large variations in perturbation type, duration and intensity and outcome variables were reported. Conclusions: This review shows the wide variety of published laboratory perturbation methods. Moreover, it demonstrates the significant impact on outcome measures of a study based on the type of perturbation used. Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020211876.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perturbations during Gait: A Systematic Review of Methodologies and Outcomes

Taylor

Walsh

Hawkins

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…The order of perturbations was randomized, with 30–40 steps between perturbations to ensure the perturbation was unexpected and the participant had returned to steady-state walking [32]. The perturbation algorithm is fully described elsewhere [33] and used real-time kinematic data to estimate the gait phase during walking. Perturbations consisted of a brief (mean duration: 340 ms, 32.9% perturbed gait cycle) increase in belt speed from 1.25 to 2.5 m s −1 (figure 1 b ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which lower limb joints compensate for destabilizing energy during walking in humans?

Golyski

Sawicki

2022

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Current approaches to investigating stabilizing responses during locomotion lack measures that both directly relate to perturbation demands and are shared across different levels of description (i.e. joints and legs). Here, we investigated whether mechanical energy could serve as a ‘common currency’ during treadmill walking with transient unilateral belt accelerations. We hypothesized that by delivering perturbations in either early or late stance, we could elicit net negative or positive work, respectively, from the perturbed leg at the leg/treadmill interface, which would dictate the net demand at the overall leg level. We further hypothesized that of the lower limb joints, the ankle would best reflect changes in overall leg work. On average across all seven participants and 222 perturbations, we found early stance perturbations elicited no change in net work performed by the perturbed leg on the treadmill, but net positive work by the overall leg, which did not support our hypotheses. Conversely, late stance perturbations partially supported our hypotheses by eliciting positive work at the leg/treadmill interface, but no change in net work by the overall leg. In support of our final hypothesis, changes in perturbed ankle work, in addition to contralateral knee work, best reflected changes in overall leg work.

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