This paper addresses ontologies of intentional and unintentional processes. Specifically, a methodology for developing processes ontologies is described. Typically, domain ontologies are developed in an ad-hoc fashion, without the reasons and justifications of the class structure. To resolve this issue, we propose a methodology based on Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) as a way to assist the development of a domain ontology. FCA is an analysis technique for knowledge processing based on applied lattice and order theory. The methodology is illustrated with the development of an explosion ontology.
Introduction 1Typical chemical engineering textbooks define a process as "an operation or a series of operations" that "cause a physical or chemical change in a substance or mixture of substances" (Felder and Rousseau, 2000). Textbooks also explain that processes commonly have several steps, each of which represents a specific physical or chemical change. Such definitions assume that during the realization of a process, a particular objective is accomplished. In other words, according to these definitions, a process has a design intention.However, unintentional phenomena are also of concern to chemical engineers. For example, explosions (such as those that result in property damage) may happen as a result of an abnormal situation rather than a well-designed series of steps. Despite differences related to whether an objective is involved or not, both intentional and unintentional processes share the ability to transform material or energy through one or more changes. This paper addresses both kinds of processes. Specifically, a methodology for developing processes ontologies is described.Ontologies are models based on logic that define the structure of knowledge in terms of classes (types) and subclasses (subtypes) of things and their relations. One of the advantages of ontologies is that they can be processed by knowledge reasoning algorithms so that hidden relations between things can be discovered. In other words, ontologies are useful for generating new conclusions from existing data. In addition, since they have an intrinsic foundation in mathematical logic, ontologies provide the structure and semantics needed for validating information.Several efforts have been reported on the use of ontologies in chemical engineering. For example,