Ontogenic maturation of the immune system in reptiles

Deeb, Somaya O. El; Saad, Abdel Hakim

doi:10.1016/0145-305x(90)90087-u

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Specific immunity begins with maternal antibodies present in reptile egg yolk (24,37). Ontogenic maturation of immune system cells progresses slowly in some species, with full immune competence not reached until months after hatching, but other species seem to be immunocompetent at hatching (10). Body temperature can have a direct effect on reptile immune systems, with species-specific optima and compromised immunity at body temperature extremes (9,39).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A reference standard that is independent of the assay being evaluated is required to estimate those parameters. In the dose-response and host range experiments, the reference standard was experimental inoculation with 10 6 CFU of M. alligatoris. Through 4 w.p.i., the sensitivity of the ELISA was 0, the specificity was 100%, PPV was 0, and NPV was only 31% because specific antibody had not begun to appear.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma samples were collected at weekly intervals for 4 weeks and then biweekly until the alligators either died or were euthanatized at 12 to 16 w.p.i. In an experimental host range study conducted concurrently with the dose-response study, six each of healthy young adult female broad-nosed caimans (Caiman latirostris) and Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) were inoculated by instillation through the glottis with 10 6 CFU of M. alligatoris strain A21JP2 T in 1 ml of SP4 broth. Controls (two per species) received sterile SP4 broth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma samples were collected at weekly intervals until the alligators either died or were euthanatized 14 weeks postinoculation (w.p.i.). In a follow-up experimental dose-response study, healthy young adult (approximately 1.5 to 2 m long) female alligators were inoculated by instillation through the glottis with 10 2 , 10 4 , or 10 6 CFU (six per treatment) of M. alligatoris strain A21JP2 T in 1 ml of SP4 broth. Four controls received sterile SP4 broth or no treatment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a pilot experimental inoculation study, healthy juvenile (approximately 1 m long) alligators were inoculated by intracoelomic injection (n ϭ 2) or by instillation through the glottis (n ϭ 2) with 10 6 CFU of M. alligatoris strain A21JP2…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection of Antibodies to a Pathogenic Mycoplasma in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), Broad-Nosed Caimans (Caiman latirostris), and Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis)

Brown

Schumacher²,

Nogueira

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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An epidemic of pneumonia with fibrinous polyserositis and multifocal arthritis emerged in captive American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida, United States, in 1995. Mycoplasma alligatoris sp. nov. was cultured from multiple organs, peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid of affected alligators. In a subsequent experimental inoculation study, the Henle-Koch-Evans postulates were fulfilled for M. alligatoris as the etiological agent of fatal mycoplasmosis of alligators. That finding was remarkable because mycoplasmal disease is rarely fatal in animals. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies produced by alligators in response to M. alligatoris exposure was developed by using plasma obtained from naturally infected alligators during the original epidemic. The assay was validated by using plasma obtained during an experimental dose-response study and applied to analyze plasma obtained from captive and wild crocodilian species. The ELISA reliably detected alligator seroconversion (P < 0.05) beginning 6 weeks after inoculation. The ELISA also detected seroconversion (P < 0.05) in the relatively closely related broad-nosed caiman Caiman latirostris and the relatively distantly related Siamese crocodile Crocodylus siamensis following experimental inoculation with M. alligatoris. The ELISA may be used to monitor exposure to the lethal pathogen M. alligatoris among captive, repatriated, and wild crocodilian species.An epidemic of mycoplasmosis emerged in a collection of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida in 1995 (4, 8). Thirty-three 200-to 300-kg adult male alligators died, and 13 moribund alligators were euthanatized within 1 month of the index case. Lesions observed at necropsy ranged from mild interstitial and peribronchiolar pneumonia to fibronecrotic pneumonia. Extrapulmonary complications included pericarditis, myocarditis, and multifocal arthritis. Mycoplasma alligatoris proposed sp. nov. was isolated from multiple tissues, blood, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid of affected alligators. In a pilot experimental inoculation study (5, 6), healthy alligators were inoculated with M. alligatoris strain A21JP2 T (ATCC 700619) to reproduce the disease and fulfill the HenleKoch-Evans postulates (11) for M. alligatoris as the etiological agent of synovitis, polyserositis, and pneumonia of alligators. The results were remarkable because, except for bovine and caprine pleuropneumonia, mycoplasmal disease is rarely fatal in animals.The origin of the 1995 epidemic remains unknown, but the disease may emerge under conditions of captivity. Crocodilians are frequently sold or traded among collections, exhibits, zoos, and ranches. Many collections include multiple species of crocodilians. Some crocodilians from commercial ranches are repatriated after "head-starting" hatchlings from eggs collected in the wild, a potential vector for catastrophic infection of wild populations if lethal disease emerges in captivity. A validated ser...

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Detection of Antibodies to a Pathogenic Mycoplasma in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), Broad-Nosed Caimans (Caiman latirostris), and Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis)

Brown

Schumacher²,

Nogueira

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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Structure and histochemical organization of the spleen of Agama stellio (Sauria: Agamidae) and Chalcides ocellatus (Sauria: Scincidae)

Saad

Bassiouni

1993

Journal of Morphology

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The spleen of Agama stellio is composed mainly of red pulp; the white pulp is poorly developed, and its clusters are scattered throughout the organ and contain lymphocytes, reticular cells, and some plasma cells. The red pulp consists of clear reticular cells intermingled with blood cells, sinusoids, and pigment cells. The spleen of Chalcides ocellatus is encapsulated by connective tissue and is composed of white and red pulp. The white pulp consists of lymphoid tissue that surrounds the central arterioles, forming the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS). The red pulp is composed of a system of venous sinuses and cords. The results of various histochemical procedures designed to demonstrate mucosubstances, proteins, and nucleic acids indicate that the spleen in these species resembles the mammalian spleen. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Ultrastructure of phagocytic cells in the spleen of Psammophis sibilans (serpentes: Colubridae)

Saad

1994

Journal of Morphology

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The spleen of Psammophis sibilans is composed mainly of red pulp, the white pulp being poorly developed. The white pulp lymphoid clusters are scattered throughout the organ and contain lymphocytes, reticular cells, and some plasma cells. The red pulp consists of reticular cells intermingled with blood cells, sinusoids, and melanomacrophage centers (MMCs). Filtering of particulate matter from the blood occurs in the red pulp by phagocytes of the pulp cord. MMCs are formed by the association of free macrophages that have phagocytosed some blood cells. Early filtering of particulate matter by the phagocytes of the pulp cords may allow for more efficient phagocytosis of erythrocytes by the MMCs. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Ontogenic maturation of the immune system in reptiles

Cited by 19 publications

References 39 publications

Detection of Antibodies to a Pathogenic Mycoplasma in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), Broad-Nosed Caimans (Caiman latirostris), and Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis)

Detection of Antibodies to a Pathogenic Mycoplasma in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), Broad-Nosed Caimans (Caiman latirostris), and Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis)

Structure and histochemical organization of the spleen of Agama stellio (Sauria: Agamidae) and Chalcides ocellatus (Sauria: Scincidae)

Ultrastructure of phagocytic cells in the spleen of Psammophis sibilans (serpentes: Colubridae)

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