Ontogeny of Pig Discrete Peyer’s Patches: Distribution and Morphometric Analysis

Makala, Levi; Kamada, Takenori; Nishikawa, Yoshifumi; Nagasawa, Hideyuki; Igarashi, Ikuo; Fujisaki, Kozo; Suzuki, Naoyoshi; Mikami, Takeshi; Haverson, Karin; Bailey, Michael; Stokes, C.R.; Bland, Paul W.

doi:10.1159/000055938

Cited by 27 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In pigs the structure of the Peyer's patches, under various antigenic stimuli, has been described [7,26,29], and the appearance of lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocyte subpopulations have been analysed [32,34,43]. To analyse these various methods to isolate lymphocytes and dendritic cells from the intestine have been developed [2,18,19,33,39].…”

Section: Gut Function and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike the mature pig [43,47], where there is a high degree of organisation, it has been shown that the cells and structures involved in mucosal immune responses are initially absent at birth and populate the intestine of the young pig in a highly programmed sequence [26,32,44]. To date four phases to this process have been identified:…”

Section: Development Of Mucosal Immunological Architec-turementioning

confidence: 99%

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Postnatal development of intestinal immune system in piglets: implications for the process of weaning

Stokes¹,

Bailey²,

Haverson³

et al. 2004

Anim. Res.

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-European-wide directives are in place to establish a sustainable production of pigs without using production enhancers and chemotherapeutics. Thus, an economically-viable pig production is now only possible when the physiological mechanisms of defense against pathogens and tolerance against nutrients and commensal bacteria in the intestinal immune system are taken into account. During the postnatal period the piglet is facing first the time large amounts of new antigens and at weaning a second wave of nutritional antigens is entering the intestinal tract. The appropriate development of humoral and cellular functions of the intestinal immune system is essential for optimum growth and performance of the piglets. The integrity of the intestinal surfaces is a prerequisite of intestinal immunity and tolerance. Secretory IgA serves to exclude harmful antigens from uptake. The induction of intestinal immune reactions starts with antigen presentation by professional antigen presenting cells of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. In addition, the intestinal lamina propria serves as a mucosal compartment for regulation of immune responses. Here especially T regulatory cells (CD4 + CD25 + ) have their function for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. The network of mucosal T and B cells develops after birth in a programmed sequence; it is almost completed at week 7 after birth. Weaning is associated with changes in the regulation of the lymphoid cells in the mucosa. In small and large intestine increases in pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines were observed after weaning in lymphocytes. Epithelial cells were studied both in intestinal samples and in vitro. Here the cytokine patterns provide evidence that weaning is inducing a transient inflammation of the mucosa. Piglets weaned under conventional conditions have a thicker mucosa than pigs weaned from isolators. Cells of isolator-reared pigs show slightly higher levels of activation markers -probably * Corresponding author: hermann-josef.rothkoetter@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de 326 C.R. Stokes et al.reflecting the interaction of the foreign protein derived from bovine milk. The results presented in this overview demonstrate that further effort is necessary to elucidate the function of the porcine intestinal immune system in the postnatal period and at the time of weaning to provide criteria for porcine intestinal health.inflammation / intestinal immunity / mucosa / nutrition / pig / postnatal / weaning Résumé -Développement postnatal de l'immunité intestinale chez le porcelet : implications pour le processus de sevrage. Des directives européennes ont été adoptées, en vue de mettre en place une production durable de porcs sans facteurs de croissance ni antibiotiques. Dans ce contexte, un élevage porcin ne sera économiquement viable que si sont pris en compte les mécanismes physiologiques de défense contre les agents pathogènes, et de tolérance vis-à-vis des aliments et des bactéries commensales, mécanismes engageant le système immunitaire intestinal des animaux. ...

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Section: Gut Function and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Of Mucosal Immunological Architec-turementioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal development of intestinal immune system in piglets: implications for the process of weaning

Stokes¹,

Bailey²,

Haverson³

et al. 2004

Anim. Res.

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“…These interfollicular areas have been reported to include T cells, interdigitating dendritic cells, and macrophages [29]. Therefore, TLR2 + or TLR9 + cells in the interfollicular area may play a crucial role in the activation of the immune system in presuckling newborns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These follicles have been reported to consist of T cells, B cells, lymphoblasts, follicular dendritic cells, and macrophages [29]. In addition, both TLR2…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptor 2 and 9 are expressed and functional in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of presuckling newborn swine

et al. 2006

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-To clarify the crucial role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9 in immature gutassociated lymphoid tissues (GALT), we focused on the expression of TLR2 and TLR9 and the immune responses induced by their ligands in the GALT of presuckling newborn swine. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were expressed at detectable levels in all tested tissues (heart, thymus, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileal Peyer patches (Pps), and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)). In particular, in immature intestinal tissues and GALT, TLR2 and TLR9 mRNA were expressed at higher levels in ileal Pps and MLN than in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. We confirmed that the TLR2 and TLR9 proteins were also highly expressed and that their ligands were preferentially recognized by TLR2-or TLR9-expressing cells in the MLN and ileal Pps. Zymosan, CpG2006, and lactic acid bacteria could promote mitogenesis and production of multiple cytokines by the MLN and ileal Pps. In addition, double immunostaining for cytokeratin 18 and either TLR2 or TLR9 revealed that both TLR2 and TLR9 are strongly expressed in the columnar membranous (M) cells. Interestingly, while the apical membrane of the columnar M cells strongly expressed TLR2 protein and preferentially recognized zymosan, both "TLR2 expression on the apical membrane" and "TLR2-mediated zymosan binding" were negligible in neighboring enterocytes. These results indicate that TLR2 and TLR9 allow MLN and ileal Pps to respond to a variety of bacterial components immediately after birth, thereby providing newborns with a host defense system. Toll-like receptor 2 / Toll-like receptor 9 / membranous cells / gut-associated lymphoid tissues / newborn swine

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“…The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) comprises follicles or groups of them defined as Peyer's patches, surrounded by specialised M cells, responsible for the transport in the patches of antigens and bacteria coming from the intestinal lumen [44,57,77]. The GALT also includes diffuse lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria, intraepithelial lymphocytes, mesenteric lymph nodes and an appendix.…”

Section: Mucosal Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pigs: Evaluation of probiotics, zinc or organic acids as protective agents for the intestinal mucosa. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo results

et al. 2005

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-Weaned pigs are susceptible to frequent infectious diseases. Antibiotics have been used over decades to reduce pathogen infections, but many microorganisms are becoming resistant to antibiotics. Thus, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Up to now, various compounds have been used as alternatives, giving promising but sometimes contrasting results. In recent years, the in vitro models of cell culture have been proposed for the screening of various compounds and understanding their mechanisms of action. The intestine is a complex system with a continuous cross-talk among epithelial cells, the local immune system and microflora. Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics may interact with any of these constituents. This review presents data on the protective effects of probiotics, zinc salts and organic acids, used as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics, against pathogen induced damage and inflammatory processes in the intestinal cells and the underlying mechanisms, with an attempt to compare in vitro and in vivo results. All the alternatives tested resulted in effective protection against pathogens by a series of interactions with intestinal cells and pathogens, including the inhibition of adhesion and invasion of pathogens, interference in signalling pathways induced by pathogenic bacteria, maintenance of the epithelial cell cytoskeleton and junctional structure and modulation of the host immune response. microorganismes sont devenus résistants à ces substances. Aussi, est-il urgent de trouver des alternatives aux antibiotiques additifs alimentaires. Jusqu'à présent, diverses alternatives ont été envisagées, certaines donnant des résultats prometteurs, d'autres des résultats variables. Au cours des dernières années, les modèles in vitro de cultures cellulaires ont été proposés pour cribler ces substances et élucider leurs mécanismes d'action. L'intestin est un système complexe faisant intervenir des communications permanentes entre les cellules épithéliales, le système immunitaire local et la microflore. Les alternatives aux antibiotiques peuvent interagir avec n'importe lequel de ces composants. Le présent article fait la synthèse des effets protecteurs et des mécanismes d'action des probiotiques, des sels de zinc et des acides organiques, utilisés comme alternatives aux antibiotiques dans les processus inflammatoires et les altérations cellulaires épithéliales in vitro, induites par des agents pathogènes. Elle tente de comparer ces résultats avec les observations in vivo. Toutes les alternatives évaluées ont été efficaces contre les agents pathogènes, via des mécanismes d'interaction cellules épithéliales-agents pathogènes. Ces mécanismes incluaient l'inhibition de l'adhésion et de l'invasion cellulaire par ces pathogènes, la modulation des mécanismes de signalisation intracellulaire induits par les bactéries pathogènes, le maintien de la structure du cytosquelette et des jonctions serrées des cellules épithéliales, et enfin la modulation des réponses immunitaires de la cellu...

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Ontogeny of Pig Discrete Peyer’s Patches: Distribution and Morphometric Analysis

Cited by 27 publications

References 28 publications

Postnatal development of intestinal immune system in piglets: implications for the process of weaning

Postnatal development of intestinal immune system in piglets: implications for the process of weaning

Toll-like receptor 2 and 9 are expressed and functional in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of presuckling newborn swine

Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pigs: Evaluation of probiotics, zinc or organic acids as protective agents for the intestinal mucosa. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo results

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