Ontogeny of small RNA in the regulation of mammalian brain development

Abstract

BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in coordinating messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription and stability in almost all known biological processes, including the development of the central nervous system. Despite our broad understanding of their involvement, we still have a very sparse understanding of specifically how miRNA contribute to the strict regional and temporal regulation of brain development. Accordingly, in the current study we have examined the contribution of miRNA in the developing rat telencephalon and mesencephalon from just after neural tube closure till birth using a genome-wide microarray strategy.ResultsWe identified temporally distinct expression patterns in both the telencephalon and mesencephalon for both miRNAs and their target genes. We demonstrate direct miRNA targeting of several genes involved with the migration, differentiation and maturation of neurons.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that miRNA have significant implications for the development of neural structure and support important mechanisms that if disrupted, may contribute to or drive neurodevelopmental disorders.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-777) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

MicroRNA and Posttranscriptional Dysregulation in Psychiatry

“…We also investigated developmental changes in genome-wide miRNA expression in the human DLPFC and found an interesting inflection of miRNA expression during adolescence (75). More recently, we explored the relationship between gene and miRNA expression in the developing midbrain and hindbrain of rat embryos and found significant differences in the timing of miRNA expression, particularly miR-132 and miR-137, which accorded with the cortical maturity in the two regions (76). Further research in normal healthy brain tissue in this way will be invaluable for understanding how miRNAs contribute to disease.…”

A NOTCH1/LSD1/BMP2 Co-Regulatory Network Mediated by miR-137 Negatively Regulates Osteogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

“…Dysfunction of miR-137 has been implicated in several cancer types such as glioblastoma [19], melanoma [20], multiple myeloma [21], non-small cell lung cancer [22], and endometrial cancer [23]. In addition, miR-137 has been found to play an essential role in neural development and maturation, with several studies displaying an association with cell proliferation and neurogenic differentiation [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

“…that miR-137 regulates cell proliferation, differentiation [24][25][26][27][28], and neuronal maturation [29][30][31] in adult or mouse stem cells. Nevertheless, during the process of hASCs differentiating into osteoblastic lineage, the functions and epigenetic mechanisms of miR-137 have not been investigated except for our previous study [32], in which we disclose part of the mechanisms as the coordination between lysine-speci c histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) and BMP2-mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) pathway.…”

MicroRNA targeting of the non‐canonical planar cell polarity pathway in the developing neural tube

“…Notably, it is also evident from Table 3 Although such binding usually leads to gene silencing through either inhibition of translation or mRNA destabilization, 17 Mammalian neurulation is contingent on proper maintenance and regulation of endogenous miRNA levels 20,21 and requires precise orchestration of cellular proliferation, adhesion, migration, apoptosis and differentiation. 9 These cellular processes are directed by numerous genes encoding a range of transcriptional regulators, growth factors/morphogens and extracellular matrix proteins. 1,22 Current studies convincingly demonstrate that these basic cellular events are governed by numerous miRNAs via modulation of expression of their downstream gene targets.…”

“…7 Amongst these epigenetic regulators, central roles for miRNAs in NT development are steadily emerging. 5,[8][9][10][11] In the present study, we identified numerous differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs within the developing NT, that target messenger RNAs The presence of a vaginal plug the following morning was considered evidence of mating, and the time designated day 0 of gestation (GD-0). Female mice were euthanized by carbon dioxide asphyxiation followed by cervical dislocation on GD-8.5, -9.0 and -9.5, which spans the critical period of murine NT development in ICR mice.…”