Abstract. Mammalian ovaries contain a large number of oocytes, most of which degenerate either before or at various stages of growth. Dynamic and precise regulation in the ovary involves many factors, each with a unique role. Identifying the single most important factor is impossible; however, it may be possible to identify factors essential for oocyte growth. It is evident that oocytes can grow into competent ova in vitro; however, how faithfully the follicle should mimic the in vivo conditions remains unclear. In the culture system discussed in this review, bovine and mouse oocyte-granulosa cell complexes, at approximately the late mid-growth stage, spread on a substratum without the involvement of theca cells. The structural simplicity of this system is advantageous because it reduces the basic conditions essential for regulation of oocyte growth. Apart from biological factors, high concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (molecular weight: 360000) improved oocyte growth. Among ovarian factors, androstenedione was used to compensate for the absence of theca cells, and it promoted both follicular growth and acquisition of oocyte meiotic competence. Most oocytes cultured in a group were viable after long-term culture, suggesting that unlike ovarian events, there was no exhaustive follicle selection. Collectively, oocytes and their associated granulosa cells can establish independent units capable of supporting oocyte growth in appropriately modified culture media. Key words: In vitro, Oocyte-granulosa cell complexes, Oocyte growth, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (J. Reprod. Dev. 58: [167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174] 2012) I n the mammalian ovary, a small proportion of primordial oocytes periodically enter the growth phase and even fewer grow, mature, and ovulate [1]. Various factors, including gonadotrophins, growth factors, and steroid hormones, underlie the dynamic regulation of oocyte and follicular growth and their selection. The regulation is so dynamic and precise that examination of these events in situ is extremely difficult.One solution to this problem is to isolate oocytes and their associated ovarian cells and culture them in vitro. It is well established that oocytes can grow in vitro because "normal" ova have been produced in vitro in mice [2][3][4][5][6] and cattle [7,8] (oocytes were cultured for the latter half of their growth period). In mice, offspring have even been derived from oocytes cultured from primordial follicles [9,10]. It is thus clear that requirements for oocyte growth can be studied in vitro. In addition, it is possible to isolate ovarian components essential for oocyte growth and acquisition of developmental competence in vitro. However, how faithfully the follicle should mimic the in vivo conditions remains unclear. This review focuses on culture systems with the smallest possible functional structure effective to support oocyte growth.
Two Major Types of Culture SystemsSeveral culture systems have been developed for in vitro oocyte growth [11]. They can be broadly divided into ...