“…In political competition research, previous studies have used several indicators to measure this phenomenon, such as the number of parties competing in the election (Arvate, 2013; Došek, 2015; Gori Maia & Lu, 2021), the vote margin (Altman & Pérez‐Liñán, 2002; Hernández, 2020), and political volatility (Abadía, 2014; Luján & Schmidt, 2017). In our study, the measure for competition for city hall is margin of victory, and the measure for council is the Herfindahl‐Hirschman index.…”