It is easy to overlook the magnitude of change involved in the shift to the digital publication of scholarship. In moving all costs to first copy and reducing those of all subsequent versions to almost zero, digital publication, when coupled with academic systems of remuneration, carries to some startling logical conclusions. Namely: that if we can find a way to pay for all the labor of publishing the first copy, we could give anybody access to read the published version, without having to charge them. This is called "open access" (OA) and it refers to conditions under which peer-reviewed scholarship is made free to read and free to re-use with attribution (for the seminal work on this subject, see Suber 2012).Open access was formalized in approximately 2002, with the triple signing of the Budapest Open Access Initiative, the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing, and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (Chan et al. 2002; "Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities" 2003;Suber et al. 2003). Each of these declarations, in its own way, notes that there are educational benefits in allowing people to read work without having to pay. These range from ensuring that the poorest in the world can have access to the scientific literature to ensuring that interested third parties can read about their own histories without facing unaffordable subscription fees. The last of these declarations, in particular, specifies that these benefits can be found across all disciplines: in the sciences and the humanities.There are several pieces of terminology around open access that are worth spelling out up front. OA comes in different "color" flavors. Green open access refers to conditions under which an author publishes in a journal and then deposits their author's accepted manuscript (or later version if permitted) in an institutional or subject repository. This is the version of open access that the UK's Research Excellence Framework uses. It does so since the predecessor to Research England, HEFCE, found that 96 percent of journal articles submitted in REF2014 could have been made openly accessible under this route (Poynder 2015). That is, many publishers have liberal policies that will allow academics to deposit a version of their paper for open dissemination. However, the green route often does not provide access to the version of record (the final PDF of a paper, for instance). There is, then, a further strand of open access, called gold open access, in which the publisher makes material openly available at source. This could mean that, for instance, a user lands Open Access in the Humanities Disciplines
MARTIN PAUL EVE (BIRKBECK, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON)CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Much of this chapter is an update of Eve 2014a.