Open application assay in investigation of subclinical irritant dermatitis induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in man: advantage of squamometry

Charbonnier, Véranne; Morrison, Boyce M; Paye, Marc; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.1998.tb00117.x

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, other testing surfactants (except SLS) did not show a significant difference. Squamometry has proved a sensitive assessment for detecting surfactant-induced subclinical irritation [1][2][3]. It has shown its superiority in the evaluation of efficacy of moisturizers and barrier creams against surfactant irritant [10,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the investigator scored the disks in a blinded manner with a microscope at 30 magnifications according to the following scales [1][2][3]. Intercorneocyte cohesion used: 0 = large sheet; 1 = large clusters + few isolated cells; 2 = small clusters + many isolated cells; 3 = clusters in disruption, most cells isolated; 4 = all cells isolated, many cases of lysis.…”

Section: Squamometric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Visual scoring was judged according to the following rating scale [1][2][3]: for erythema, 0 = no redness, 1 = very slight redness, 2 = slight redness, 3 = moderate redness, 4 = strong redness, 5 = very strong redness, 6 = extreme redness; for dryness, 0 = no dryness, well hydrated and completely smooth, 1 = very slight, dry without scaling, no whitening in the ridges, 2 = slight dryness, dry with possibly very slight powdering, 3 = moderate dryness, scaling is obvious, mainly on limited areas, scales are small, 4 = strong dryness, same as score of 3, but on a larger surface, 5 = very strong, scales are larger in size in some areas, small cracking can be seen, slightly rough surface, 6 = extreme dryness, large scales on large surface + cracking + roughness.…”

Section: Skin Irritation Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, an open application method utilizing an exaggerated forearm washing model has demonstrated its superiority in determining subclinical (nonerythematous) surfactant irritant effects [1][2][3]. To screen numerous surfactants, we modified this model in combination with a novel stratum corneum metric.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Subclinical Irritation of Surfactants: A Screening Open Assay Model

Zhai¹,

Fautz²,

Fuchs³

et al. 2002

Exog Dermatol

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Background: Open application utilizing an exaggerated forearm washing model to determine surfactant subclinical irritant effects has limitations. Objective: A modified screening open model for rapid assessment of surfactant subclinical irritation was used as part of a validation process. Methods: Eight subjects were enrolled and 5 candidate surfactants studied. Sodium lauryl sulfate served as the irritant ‘gold standard’ control. In addition, one site for water washing and one site for normal skin (no treatment) were also included. A technician conducted 3 successive washings with each test surfactant to each volar forearm. Skin irritation and subclinical irritations were assessed with visual scores and bioengineering (transepidermal water loss, skin capacitance and skin color). Squamometry was performed after the last wash. Results: Squamometry provided a sensitive assessment for detecting surfactant-induced subclinical irritation with 3 successive washings in this open assay model. Neither clinical scores nor other biometric methods provided valuable biologic insight. Conclusion: This minimally invasive assay provides a facile and robust means to rank detergent irritant effects in man.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Squamometric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Skin Irritation Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Subclinical Irritation of Surfactants: A Screening Open Assay Model

Zhai¹,

Fautz²,

Fuchs³

et al. 2002

Exog Dermatol

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“…Squamometry S was designed to test the effect of surfactants upon corneocytes in vivo [1, 2, 42]. Several studies have confirmed the utility of such method in predicting irritation by selected xenobiotics [40, 43–47] and protection afforded against them [40, 48].…”

Section: Sacd and Scalinessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SACD method and the XLRS squamometry tests revisited

Piérard-Franchimont

Henry

Piérard

2000

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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The assessment of many aspects of the structure and biological dynamics of the stratum corneum can be conducted using calibrated stripping with adhesive-coated discs (SACD). Squamometry entails staining SACD samples with a toluidine blue-basic fuschsin ethanol-based solution and reading the colorimetric variable Chroma C* representing the squamometry index. Four main variants of squamometry index have been designed so far. Squamometry X refers to the assessment of xerosis and any scaly condition. Squamometry L explores the intercorneocyte cohesiveness impaired by ultraviolet light. Squamometry R evaluates stratum corneum renewal and squamometry S assesses the effect of surfactants on corneocyte integrity. This latter variant is related to, although not similar to, the ex-vivo corneosurfametry bioassay. All squamometry tests are rapid, reliable, sensitive and cheap.

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Toxicologic implications of cutaneous barriers: a molecular, cellular, and anatomical overview

Karan

Alikhan

Maibach

2009

J of Applied Toxicology

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The skin barrier is a complex system of chemical, biological and physical processes that together regulate the admission and expulsion of foreign agents in contact with the skin. The eggresive movement of the stratum corneum (SC) is often a measure of its integrity, and transepidermal water loss has typically been a gold standard. However, the skin barrier has several barrier systems, such as ion flux, O(2), CO(2) and pH, which can give an informative and sometimes more sensitive measure of the SC condition. Furthermore, the penetrative interactions with the barrier have focused around occlusive methods to promote drug delivery, the interactions of topically applied drugs with the barrier and the presence of environmental agents that can harm the barrier. However, the nature of penetrative barrier interactions must also be elucidated on a microscopic level. The variable nature of barrier function is demonstrated when comparing the skin properties of neonates and adults. In addition, new biochemical methods have used keratin metrics to improve diagnostic efficacy and barrier integrity analysis. This review addresses the aforementioned aspects of the skin barriers that require further study to help discern the complexity of this essential organ as it relates to dermatotoxicology and dermatopharmacology.

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Open application assay in investigation of subclinical irritant dermatitis induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in man: advantage of squamometry

Abstract: Squamometry proved to be a sensitive, complementary method to detect surfactant-induced, sub-clinical skin alterations.

Cited by 22 publications

References 9 publications

Assessment of the Subclinical Irritation of Surfactants: A Screening Open Assay Model

Assessment of the Subclinical Irritation of Surfactants: A Screening Open Assay Model

The SACD method and the XLRS squamometry tests revisited

Toxicologic implications of cutaneous barriers: a molecular, cellular, and anatomical overview

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