Open burning as a source of dioxins

Zhang, Mengmei; Buekens, Alfons; Li, Xiaodong

doi:10.1080/10643389.2017.1320154

Cited by 60 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 201 publications

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“…It could, therefore, be due to municipal waste burning, which is a common practice in Delhi, particularly during the morning and evening (Nagpure et al, 2015). Municipal waste burning is also often found to produce higher PCDD and PCDF concentrations than biomass burning or traffic sources (Lavric et al, 2004;Chakraborty et al, 2013;Verma et al, 780 2016;Zhang et al, 2017;Stewart et al, 2020). The high dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran peaks in the SFOA mass spectrum ( Figure 12) coincide with strong correlations with our proposed novel-tracers for PCDDs and PCDFs, benzodioxan [C8H8O2] + and furan [C4H4O] + (Figure 9).…”

Section: Sources Of Burningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal analysis of submicron aerosol in Old Delhi using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: Chemical characterisation, source apportionment and new marker identification

Cash¹,

Langford²,

Marco³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. We present the first real-time composition of submicron particulate matter (PM1) in Old Delhi using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-AMS). Old Delhi is one of the most polluted locations in the world, and PM1 concentrations reached ~ 600 µg m−3 during the most polluted period, the post-monsoon, where PM1 increased by 178 % over the pre-monsoon period. Using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) to perform source apportionment analysis, two burning-related factors contribute the most (35 %) to the post-monsoon increase. The first PMF factor, semi-volatility biomass burning organic aerosol (SVBBOA), shows a high correlation with earth observation fire counts in surrounding states which links its origin to crop residue burning. The second is a solid-fuel OA (SFOA) factor with links to local open burning due to its high composition of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and novel AMS measured marker species for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Two traffic factors were resolved, one hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) factor and another nitrogen-rich HOA (NHOA) factor. The N compounds within NHOA were mainly nitrile species which have not previously been identified within AMS measurements. Their PAH composition suggests that NHOA is linked to diesel, and HOA to compressed natural gas and gasoline. These factors combined make the largest relative contribution to primary PM1 mass during the pre-monsoon and monsoon periods, while contributing the second highest in the post-monsoon. A cooking OA (COA) factor shows strong links to the secondary factor, semi-volatility oxygenated OA (SVOOA). Correlations with co-located volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements and AMS measured organic nitrogen oxides (OrgNO) suggest SVOOA is formed from aged COA. It is also found that a significant increase in chloride concentrations (488 %) from pre-monsoon to post-monsoon correlates well with SVBBOA and SFOA suggesting that crop residue burning and open waste burning are responsible. A reduction in traffic emissions would effectively reduce concentrations across most of the year. In order to reduce the post-monsoon peak, sources such as funeral pyres, solid waste burning and crop residue burning should be considered when developing new air quality policy.

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Section: Sources Of Burningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal analysis of submicron aerosol in Old Delhi using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: Chemical characterisation, source apportionment and new marker identification

Cash¹,

Langford²,

Marco³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…During open burning, dioxin emissions are related to the development of a fire (flaming vs smoldering), to different combustion parameters (temperature, turbulence, oxygen, etc. ), and to other factors influencing dioxins formation, such as chlorine, catalytic metals, soot, and ash [39]. There are few effective methods to collect representative samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is fairly difficult to evaluate and quantify dioxin emission from open burning. This results in emission factor values ranging over several orders of magnitude [39]. Therefore, the PCDD/F emissions from open burning may be an important missing source.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Dioxin Emissions from a Small-Scale Waste Incinerator in the Absence of Air Pollution Controls

Zhang

Huang

Liao

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) emissions from basic small-scale waste incinerators (SWI) may cause health risks in nearby people and are thus subject to stringent regulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate PCDD/F emission and reduction of a basic SWI in the absence of air pollution controls (APCs). The results indicated that the stack gas and fly ash presented average PCDD/F levels and emission factors of 3.6 ng international toxic equivalent (I-TEQ)/Nm3 and 189.31µg I-TEQ/t and 6.89 ng I-TEQ/g and 137.85µg I-TEQ/t, respectively, much higher than those from large municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI). PCDD/Fs congener fingerprints indicated that de novo synthesis played a dominant role in the low-temperature post-combustion zone and increased the presence of high-chlorine substituted congeners. On the basis of the emission factor 327.24 µg I-TEQ/t-waste, approximately 3000 g I-TEQ dioxins might be generated in total through basic SWIs and open burning. After refitting an SWI by adding activated carbon injection with a bag filter (ACI+BG), the PCDD/F emissions decreased to mean values of 0.042 ng I-TEQ/Nm3, far below the standard of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3, and the removal efficiency reached 99.13% in terms of I-TEQ. Therefore, it is entirely feasible to considerably reduce PCDD/F emissions by refitting basic SWI, which is positive for the future development of rural solid waste (RSW (RSW) disposal by SWI.

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“…Scientific surveys have revealed that the presence of salts of transition metal catalysts and chlorine in the combustion system or forest fires, or incineration atmospheres favours the formation of PCDD/Fs [79]. In order to reduce emission of dioxins into the environment from thermochemical processes for instance pyrolysis and combustion processes, it has been proposed that a combination of stringent measures would be fundamentally helpful; (1) incineration activities to be conducted at a temperature in excess 1000 °C (2) increasing the pyrolytic contact time and the total pyrolysis time (3) use of flue gas filtration (4) employing well-designed modern incinerators [135]. In some countries such as the United States, emission of dioxins from burning of solid fuel, forest fires and medical waste incinerators has become increasingly difficult to control [111].…”

Section: The Major Sources Of Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthesis of haloaromatic chemicals and incineration of chlorine containing organic materials are other important sources of dioxins [97]. Moreover, thermochemical processes yield PAHs [127] and oxy-PAHs [36] which are well known precursors for the synthesis of dioxins, dibenzofurans, and their attendant analogues of the nitrogenated type [135].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of persistent organic pollutants: dioxins, furans, and their associated nitrogenated analogues

et al. 2020

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Dioxins and furans are no doubt the most notorious class of organochlorine toxicants in the environmental system whose adverse effects are detrimental to public health with extreme negative economic impacts. Polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxin and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like compounds such as the polychlorinated biphenyls, carbazoles are in the class of persistent organic pollutants-prioritized under the Stockholm convention as the "dirty dozens", besides being listed as group 1 human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Because of their recalcitrant nature in the environment, bioaccumulation in lipids of cells of animals and their general toxicities, this family of compounds has received increased scientific interest in pollution and toxicology research. Accumulation of these toxicants in lipids of animals, and human exposure has been traced to animal products such as meat, eggs, milk and fish. Combustion events, industrial and municipal waste incineration practices, open fires and some industrial activities especially those dealing with metallurgy are well-established sources of these environmental contaminants. The critical aspects of dioxins, furans and their analogues; notably their sources their mechanistic formation by precursor initiation, de novo pathways, how they manifest their toxicity by activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, detoxification of these chemicals from the environment and the analytical methods used to quantify and detect from environmental sample matrices has been explored in this work. This review also provides an in-depth examination of the toxic characteristic behaviour of dioxins and furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as the emerging nitrogenated analogues of dioxins such as polychlorinated carbazole, and carbazole itself.

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Open burning as a source of dioxins

Cited by 60 publications

References 201 publications

Seasonal analysis of submicron aerosol in Old Delhi using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: Chemical characterisation, source apportionment and new marker identification

Seasonal analysis of submicron aerosol in Old Delhi using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: Chemical characterisation, source apportionment and new marker identification

Measurement of Dioxin Emissions from a Small-Scale Waste Incinerator in the Absence of Air Pollution Controls

A review of persistent organic pollutants: dioxins, furans, and their associated nitrogenated analogues

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