Open innovation in Russian firms: an empirical investigation of technology commercialisation and acquisition

Open Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: An Empirical Analysis on Context Features, Internal R&D, and Financial Performances

“…As of the treatment of variables, in some instances (see [19], [27], [29], [31], [33], [35], [36], and [39]), only one item is adopted to define the specific metric. Yet, in most cases more than one item is investigated.…”

“…The large majority of the contributions discovered a positive relation between firm size and use of external sources (see [13], [21], [23]- [25], and [30]); inbound and outbound practices, as well as technology exploration and exploitation (see [26], [31], and [34]); alliance portfolio diversity [28]; and collaboration (see [25] and [29]). [34] Total OI adoption Positive Salge et al [24] Search openness Positive Sandulli et al [29] Open Positive Teirlinck and Poelmans [19] Degree of openness of R&D activities Null Berchicci [39] External R&D Negative Spithoven et al [20] Search strategy; external R&D; cooperation; protection; OI Positive OI practices-intensity Negative Wagner [30] Innovation source: suppliers; customers; competitors; consultants; universities; all partners Positive Laursen and Salter [25] External search breadth; innovation collaboration breadth Positive A limited number of studies (see [19], [33], [35], and [37]) does not provide a definite direction of the linkage between firm size and OI, precluding a general conclusion on this relationship. Spithoven et al [20] found opposite results depending on the operationalization of the OI metrics.…”

“…On the other hand, companies with lower internal R&D might need more external knowledge. Hence, this variable may have contradictory effects on the adoption of OI: a large number of studies (see [6], [19], [20], [21], [24]- [27], [33], and [36]) suggest the role of OI as a complement for internal R&D, while a smaller number of contributions support a substitutive effect (see [13], [28], [29], and [39]). …”

An alternative approach towards the knowledge production function on a regional level - applications for the USA and Russia

“…They need to be more modernized and more innovative to compete internationally and therefore are more likely to generate new patents. This argument can be backed up with studies by Podmetina et al (2011) who show that export oriented firms are generally more innovative than firms oriented only towards their home market. Furthermore, Silva et al (2010) as well as the literature cited in Wagner (2002) argue along the lines of learning-by-exporting and therefore the growth of knowledge through exporting.…”

Business Models for Open Innovation: From Collaboration to Incorporation

“…Podmetina et al (2011) classified companies in nine clusters, from "no buy, no sell", i.e. a total closed behaviour, to "active buy, active sell" when both inbound and outbound activities are relevant.…”