Open-Pit Map: An HD Map Data Model for Open-Pit Mines

Abstract

Open-pit mines are becoming more intelligent and unmanned. One of the core technologies for autonomous driving is high-definition map technology, while refined mine maps are also needed to support scenarios such as vehicle–shovel collaboration, loading and unloading, production scheduling, and traffic safety control. To better serve the construction of intelligent mines and address the autonomous driving needs in open-pit mining scenarios, a universal high-definition map data model oriented toward data production and exchange, Open-Pit Map (OP map for short), has been designed. Based on various working scenarios of open-pit mines, eight practical basic elements, eleven location elements, and eight traffic elements in OP map were proposed. A map visualization tool, MapViewer, was developed based on OP map, and the effectiveness and practicality of the data model in the practical application of an intelligent shipping system in a Chinese mine were validated.

Design of Unmanned Road Widths in Open-Pit Mines Based on Offset Reaction Times

“…The authors analyzed the relationships between the lane width and various factors, including the saturation flow rate, lateral safety distance, traffic crash rate, and driver comfort, utilizing data from over 3000 existing crossroads and detailed surveys at seven intersections with varying lane widths. The study employed the Delphi method to evaluate the index weights of design-related factors, concluding that the lateral safety distance is the most critical factor in lane width design [24]. Therefore, for lateral safety distances, this paper investigated the differences in lateral deviation distances occurring in manned and driverless trucks based on differences in driver and sensor reaction times and identified the road widths that can be reduced.…”