Open Porous Polymer Foams via Inverse Emulsion Polymerization:  Should the Definition of High Internal Phase (Ratio) Emulsions Be Extended?

Menner, Angelika; Powell, Ronald J.; Bismarck, Alexander

doi:10.1021/ma052705x

Cited by 117 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Compress analysis showed that increasing aqueous phase volume fraction caused a significant decrease in E (see Table 2 and Figure 10). This phenomenon was consistent with other researchers' 6 Journal of Nanomaterials report [27] and could be due to the fact that increasing aqueous phase of the Pickering HIPEs resulted in a decrease in the density of the resulting porous polymers.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The average void diameter (Dv) of the poly-Pickering-HIPEs SV10-90 was 68 μm, and this value was similar to that (64 μm) of the polyPickering-HIPEs SD10-90. However, the E (12.2 MPa) of poly-Pickering-HIPE SV10-90 was much higher than that (6.4 MPa) of the poly-Pickering-HIPE SD10-90 and was also much higher than the E (3.0 MPa) of the PS-based polyHIPE prepared with the HIPE having internal phase volume fraction of 89% [27]. Moreover, when the samples were loaded until a displacement of half the height of the examined sample was reached, poly-Pickering-HIPE SD10-90 was crushed, while no crack was observed in poly-Pickering-HIPE SV10-90, as shown in Figure 4.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

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Vinyl Ester Oligomer Crosslinked Porous Polymers Prepared via Surfactant‐Free High Internal Phase Emulsions

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2012

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Using vinyl ester resin (VER) containing styrene (or methyl methacrylate) and vinyl ester oligomer (VEO) as external phase, Pickering high internal phase emulsions (Pickering HIPEs) having internal phase volume fraction of up to 95 vol% were prepared with copolymer particles as sole stabilizer. Polymerizing the external phase of these Pickering HIPEs led to porous polymers (polyPickering-HIPEs). Compared to the polystyrene-(PS-) based poly-Pickering-HIPEs which were prepared with mixture of styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) as crosslinker, the poly-Pickering-HIPEs herein showed much higher elastic modulus and toughness. The elastic modulus of these poly-Pickering-HIPEs increased with increasing the VEO concentration in the external phase, while it decreased with increasing internal phase volume fraction. Increasing VEO concentration in the external phase also resulted in a decrease in the average void diameter as well as a narrow void diameter distribution of the resulting poly-Pickering-HIPEs. In addition, there were many small pores in the voids surface caused by the volume contraction of VER during the polymerization, which suggests a new method to fabricate porous polymers having a well-defined hierarchical pore structure.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Vinyl Ester Oligomer Crosslinked Porous Polymers Prepared via Surfactant‐Free High Internal Phase Emulsions

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2012

Journal of Nanomaterials

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“…Although the mechanism of pore throat formation is not fully understood, sufficiently thin films between neighbouring droplets and the presence of surfactant are the key requirements. [19] Therefore, pore throats form in M2-M4 upon polymerisation of the emulsion templates or purification/drying of the resulting macroporous polymers. M2 has the lowest permeability at 0.67 D as it has the smallest x T1 and x T2 and the least amount of pore throats per pore.…”

Section: à3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroporous Polymers with Hierarchical Pore Structure from Emulsion Templates Stabilised by Both Particles and Surfactants

Wong¹,

Ikem²,

Menner³

et al. 2011

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Inspired by natural porous materials, such as wood, bamboo and spongy bone consisting of individual structural units that are hierarchically arranged to optimise mechanical properties such as strength and toughness, synthetic macroporous polymers with enhanced physical properties were created by emulsion templating. Hierarchical poly(merised) high internal phase emulsions (HIPE) were created from HIPEs stabilised simultaneously by particles and a surfactant. In these HIPEs, surfactant stabilised and particle stabilised water droplets coexist, which upon polymerisation of the minority oil phase gives rise to macroporous polymers with a hierarchical pore structure. An improvement of the mechanical properties of our hierarchically structured macroporous polymers at equal porosity was observed, due to a more efficient packing of pores in a configuration that improves mechanical strength despite the presence of interconnecting pore throats. Moreover, the permeability of the hierarchically structured polyHIPEs are exceeding those measured for conventional polyHIPEs made from surfactant only stabilised HIPEs.

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“…Das et al developed a class of dipeptide-based LMMGs (56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64), and all of these LMMGs can selectively gelate one phase from a suitable oil/water mixture [32]. In a typical procedure, a certain amount of 60 was added into the mixture of toluene and water (vol water /vol toluene =1:1).…”

Section: Phase-selective Gelationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, studies on gel emulsions have attracted increasing attention because of their promising applications in cosmetics, foods, fuels, explosives, other materials with unusual properties, and template preparation of low-density materials, etc. [48,[54][55][56][57].…”

Section: Gel Emulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the studies of low-molecular mass gelators with unusual properties

Liu

Fang

2011

Sci. China Chem.

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This article is intended to provide an overview of recent progress in the studies of cholesterol-based low-molecular mass gelators (LMMGs) with unusual properties, in particular, gelation and selective gelation at room temperature, gel emulsions and gel film formation, etc. Potential applications of the LMMGs in spilled oil collection and water purification are briefly presented.gelation at room temperature, selective gelation, gel emulsions, gel films

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Open Porous Polymer Foams via Inverse Emulsion Polymerization: Should the Definition of High Internal Phase (Ratio) Emulsions Be Extended?

Cited by 117 publications

References 18 publications

Vinyl Ester Oligomer Crosslinked Porous Polymers Prepared via Surfactant‐Free High Internal Phase Emulsions

Vinyl Ester Oligomer Crosslinked Porous Polymers Prepared via Surfactant‐Free High Internal Phase Emulsions

Macroporous Polymers with Hierarchical Pore Structure from Emulsion Templates Stabilised by Both Particles and Surfactants

Progress in the studies of low-molecular mass gelators with unusual properties

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