First and foremost, I would like to use this opportunity to express my gratitude to my dear husband and my best friend, Kristoffer Fossum. I wouldn't be able to focus on my work or complete my PhD had it not been for your all-round support. You have been great in taking care of the family and in giving me moral support. This work would not be possible to accomplish without the insightful guidance of my supervisors, Prof. Margunn Aanestad and Prof. Ole Hanseth. I am deeply grateful for the supervision in general and for orienting me to relevant literature. I am thankful to Prof. Eric Monteiro for commenting on my upgrade document and the first draft of the thesis. I thank HISP founders, extenders and sponsors (especially UiO) for laying the groundwork to collect empirical materials from multiple settings. I extend my special gratitude to Prof. Sundeep Sahay for being an excellent academic mentor throughout my studies.I am indebted to my co-authors Sundeep, Johan, Abyot, John and Zegaye. I am particularly indebted to Abyot Asalefew for the friendship and for the many interesting socio-academic discussions.Thanks to Murod for the update on the current project status of Tajikistan. All other informants from Ethiopia, India and Tajikistan are highly appreciated. The support I received from the Department of Informatics has been instrumental for the completion of this work. In line with that, I am especially thankful to Prof. Fritz for encouraging me to finish despite some difficulties.Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents, sisters, and in-laws for the support, care and encouragement. Jonas and Aron, our sons, thanks for continuously reminding me of the fun part of life and for the many drawings that I should take to my workplace i Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .