Operation of a Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM) in Ar, Xe and Ar-Xe

Alon, R.; Miyamoto, J.; Cortesi, M.; Breskin, A.; Chechik, R.; Carne, Irene; Maia, J.M.; Santos, J.M.F. dos; Gai, M.; McKinsey, D. N.; Dangendorf, V.

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/01/p01005

Cited by 31 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Later on, the high gain operation in dense noble gases was demonstrated in other MPGD multipliers: in THGEMs and resistive THGEMs (RETHGEMs) in Ar, Kr and Xe [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], in Micro-Hole and Strip Plates (MHSPs) in Ar, Kr and Xe [49] and in Micromegases (MMs) in Xe [50]. Their gain characteristics are shown in Figs.…”

Section: Condition "Sine Qua Non": Mpgd Multiplier Operation In Densementioning

confidence: 94%

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Buzulutskov

2012

J. Inst.

125

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Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) are referred to as a new class of noblegas detectors operated at cryogenic temperatures with electron avalanching performed directly in the detection medium, the latter being in gaseous, liquid or two-phase (liquid-gas) state. Electron avalanching is provided by Micro-Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD) multipliers, in particular GEMs and THGEMs, operated at cryogenic temperatures in dense noble gases. The final goal for this kind of detectors is the development of large-volume detectors of ultimate sensitivity for rare-event experiments and medical applications, such as coherent neutrinonucleus scattering, direct dark matter search, astrophysical (solar and supernova) neutrino detection experiments and Positron Emission Tomography technique. This review is the first attempt to summarize the results on CRAD performances obtained by different groups. A brief overview of the available CRAD concepts is also given and the most remarkable CRAD physics effects are discussed.Earlier attempts to obtain high and stable electron avalanching directly in noble gases and liquids at cryogenic temperatures, using "open-geometry" gaseous multipliers, have not been very successful: rather low gains (≤10) were observed in liquid Xe [2],[3],[4] and Ar [2],[5] and low gains (≤100) in gaseous Ar [6] and He [7] at low temperatures, using wire, needle or microstrip proportional counters. Moreover, two-phase detectors with wire chamber readout, which initially seemed to solve the problem, turned out to have unstable operation in the avalanche mode due to vapour condensation on wire electrodes [8].The problem of electron avalanching in cryogenic noble-gas detectors has been solved [1] after introduction of Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs), namely those of hole-type: Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) [9] and thick GEMs (THGEMs) [10]. Contrary to wire chambers and other "open geometry" gaseous multipliers, cascaded GEM and THGEM structures have a unique ability to operate in dense noble gases at high gains [11], including at cryogenic temperatures and in the two-phase mode [12].Consequently at present, the basic idea of Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors in the narrow sense is that of the combination of MPGDs with cryogenic noble-gas detectors, operated in a gaseous, liquid or two-phase mode. We call such detectors "CRyogenic Avalanche Detectors" and suggest the following short-name for those -CRADs; it will be used throughout in the following. This review is the first attempt to summarize the results on CRAD performances obtained by different groups, presenting those in a systematic way. A brief overview of the available CRAD concepts is also given and the most remarkable CRAD physics effects are discussed. Cryogenic Avalanche Detector (CRAD) concepts: brief overviewThere are at least a dozen of different CRAD types developed by different groups over the past 8 years. In this chapter this variety is systemized: a brief overview of CRAD concepts is given, namely that of the basic CRAD concepts and CRAD concepts re...

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Section: Condition "Sine Qua Non": Mpgd Multiplier Operation In Densementioning

confidence: 94%

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Buzulutskov

2012

J. Inst.

125

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“…THGEM operation in pure noble gases [25,27] and at cryogenic temperatures, including in saturated vapour in Ar [25], has been the subject of recent investigations. The gains obtained in THGEMs were of the same order of magnitude as those of GEMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thick GEM versus thin GEM in two-phase argon avalanche detectors

et al. 2008

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The performance of thick GEMs (THGEMs) was compared to that of thin GEMs in two-phase Ar avalanche detectors, in view of their potential application in coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, dark-matter search and in other rare-event experiments. The detectors comprised a 1 cm thick liquid-Ar layer followed by either a double-THGEM or a triple-GEM multiplier, operated in the saturated vapor above the liquid phase. Three types of THGEMs were studied: those made of G10 and Kevlar and that with resistive electrodes (RETHGEM). Only the G10-made THGEM showed a stable performance in two-phase Ar with gains reaching 3000. Successful operation of two-phase Ar avalanche detectors with either thin-or thick-GEM multipliers was demonstrated at low detection thresholds, of 4 and 20 primary electrons respectively. Compared to the triple-GEM the double-THGEM multiplier yielded slower anode signals; this allowed applying a pulse-shape analysis to effectively reject noise signals. Noise rates of both multipliers were evaluated in two-phase Ar; with detection thresholds of 20 electrons and applying pulseshape analysis noise levels as low as 0.007 Hz per 1 cm 2 of active area were reached.

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“…Meanwhile, the maximum GEM chamber gains measured in Ar/CO 2 and Xe/CO 2 are comparable at atmospheric pressure [12]. Moreover, the results in [10] show the best energy resolution of the specified THGEM chamber reached in Ar with 5.9 keV xrays is 30% FWHM while that reached in Xe is 27% FWHM. These previous experiment results illustrate the results measured with the THGEM chamber operating in Ar mixture are able to provide a valid reference for that operating in Xe mixture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Due to lack of Xe in laboratory, we used the Ar mixture instead of Xe mixture as the working gas of the THGEM chamber. Some experiments were carried out for comparing the THGEM or GEM chamber performance in large variety of gases [10][11][12][13]. The maximum gain measured with THGEM chamber operating in Xe is similar to that measured with THGEM chamber operating in Ar at atmospheric pressure [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Some experiments were carried out for comparing the THGEM or GEM chamber performance in large variety of gases [10][11][12][13]. The maximum gain measured with THGEM chamber operating in Xe is similar to that measured with THGEM chamber operating in Ar at atmospheric pressure [10]. Meanwhile, the maximum GEM chamber gains measured in Ar/CO 2 and Xe/CO 2 are comparable at atmospheric pressure [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cosmic ray test of mini-drift thick gas electron multiplier chamber for transition radiation detector

Yang

Das

Buck

et al. 2015

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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A thick gas electron multiplier (THGEM) chamber with an effective readout area of 10×10 cm 2 and a 11.3 mm ionization gap has been tested along with two regular gas electron multiplier (GEM) chambers in a cosmic ray test system. The thick ionization gap makes the THGEM chamber a minidrift chamber. This kind mini-drift THGEM chamber is proposed as part of a transition radiation detector (TRD) for identifying electrons at an Electron Ion Collider (EIC) experiment. Through this cosmic ray test, an efficiency larger than 94% and a spatial resolution ∼220 µm are achieved for the THGEM chamber at -3.65 kV. Thanks to its outstanding spatial resolution and thick ionization gap, the THGEM chamber shows excellent track reconstruction capability. The gain uniformity and stability of the THGEM chamber are also presented.

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Operation of a Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM) in Ar, Xe and Ar-Xe

Cited by 31 publications

References 35 publications

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Thick GEM versus thin GEM in two-phase argon avalanche detectors

Cosmic ray test of mini-drift thick gas electron multiplier chamber for transition radiation detector

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