Operational and theoretical temperature considerations in a Penning surface plasma source

Faircloth, D. C.; Lawrie, Scott; Costa, H. Pereira Da; Dudnikov, Vadim

doi:10.1063/1.4916440

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The flat-top droop is believed to be related to thermal variations during the discharge, which causes the Cs coverage of the electrode surfaces to deviate from ideal conditions for H − production (∼ 0.6 monolayers). By scaling the size of the electrode surfaces, and thereby the plasma volume, the thermal variation of the components is reduced, which will increase the pulse stability and the potential ion current [31,32]. The aim of the Penning 2X source is to deliver a 60 mA beam at 2 ms and 50 Hz (10% duty cycle).…”

Section: Available Ion-source Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report

Alekou

Baussan

Bhattacharyya

et al. 2022

Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top.

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A design study, named $${\text {ESS}}\nu {\text {SB}}$$ ESS ν SB for European Spallation Source neutrino Super Beam, has been carried out during the years 2018–2022 of how the 5 MW proton linear accelerator of the European Spallation Source under construction in Lund, Sweden, can be used to produce the world’s most intense long-baseline neutrino beam. The high beam intensity will allow for measuring the neutrino oscillations near the second oscillation maximum at which the CP violation signal is close to three times higher than at the first maximum, where other experiments measure. This will enable CP violation discovery in the leptonic sector for a wider range of values of the CP violating phase $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ δ CP and, in particular, a higher precision measurement of $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ δ CP . The present Conceptual Design Report describes the results of the design study of the required upgrade of the ESS linac, of the accumulator ring used to compress the linac pulses from 2.86 ms to 1.2 μs, and of the target station, where the 5 MW proton beam is used to produce the intense neutrino beam. It also presents the design of the near detector, which is used to monitor the neutrino beam as well as to measure neutrino cross sections, and of the large underground far detector located 360 km from ESS, where the magnitude of the oscillation appearance of $$\nu _{e }$$ ν e from $$\nu _{\mu }$$ ν μ is measured. The physics performance of the $${\text {ESS}}\nu {\text {SB}}$$ ESS ν SB research facility has been evaluated demonstrating that after 10 years of data-taking, leptonic CP violation can be detected with more than 5 standard deviation significance over 70% of the range of values that the CP violation phase angle $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ δ CP can take and that $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ δ CP can be measured with a standard error less than 8° irrespective of the measured value of $$\delta _{{\mathrm{CP}}}$$ δ CP . These results demonstrate the uniquely high physics performance of the proposed $${\text {ESS}}\nu {\text {SB}}$$ ESS ν SB research facility.

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Section: Available Ion-source Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report

Alekou

Baussan

Bhattacharyya

et al. 2022

Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top.

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“…The given functional form reflects the nature of electron tunneling through the potential barrier (see e.g. [35] for a comparison of theories) and satisfies the view of the electron emission being of thermionic origin [29] (vi) the fluctuations of caesium on the surfaces and in the discharge volume are damped by the distribution of caesium velocities and ionization, i.e. n Cs = f (d, v th ) exp −γt where γ is the damping constant, and (vii) the light emission rate R of neutral caesium is proportional to the discharge (electron) current and caesium density in the discharge volume, i.e.…”

Section: Breakdown Oscillations Of the H − Penning Ion Source DImentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Both the anode and cathode reach average temperatures of several hundreds of • C, which helps to maintain optimal caesium coverage of the cathode surfaces required to sustain the discharge and produce the H − ions. The surface temperature of the electrodes fluctuates several tens of • C during the discharge pulses [29]. The ions desorbed from the cathode are accelerated by the cathode sheath potential and have no direct line of sight to the extraction slit.…”

Section: The Isis H − Penning Ion Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Breakdown Oscillations of the ISIS H⁻ Penning Ion-Source Hydrogen–Cesium Discharge

Tarvainen

Abel

Lawrie

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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“…The formation of the macroscopic flakes is thought to be related to the thermal cycling of the cathode and hydrogen embrittlement of the metal. The surface temperature of the cathode varies by approximately 100 C during each discharge pulse, which causes a strong local temperature gradient within the cathode material [37] and exposes it to the formation of stress layers. Maintaining a favorable cesium balance on the cathode surfaces is only possible in a certain temperature window, which prevents mitigating the flake formation by more aggressive cooling of the cathode.…”

Section: The Isis Penning Hion Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Negative hydrogen ion sources for particle accelerators: Sustainability issues and recent improvements in long-term operations

Welton

Bollinger

Dehnel

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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High brightness, negative hydrogen ion sources are used extensively in scientific facilities operating worldwide. Negative hydrogen beams have become the preferred means of filling circular accelerators and storage rings as well as enabling efficient extraction from cyclotrons. Several well-known facilities now have considerable experience with operating a variety of sources such as RF-, filament-, magnetron- and Penning-type H- ion sources. These facilities include the US Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL-ISIS), Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), numerous installations of D-Pace (licenced by TRIUMF) ion sources used mainly on cyclotrons and, most recently, the CERN-LINAC-1 injector. This report first summarizes the current performance of these ion sources in routine, daily operations with attention toward source service-periods and availability metrics. Sustainability issues encountered at each facility are also reported and categorized to identify areas of common concern and key issues. Recent ion source improvements to address these issues are also discussed as well as plans for meeting future facility upgrade requirements.

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Operational and theoretical temperature considerations in a Penning surface plasma source

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report

The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report

Breakdown Oscillations of the ISIS H⁻ Penning Ion-Source Hydrogen–Cesium Discharge

Negative hydrogen ion sources for particle accelerators: Sustainability issues and recent improvements in long-term operations

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Operational and theoretical temperature considerations in a Penning surface plasma source

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report

The European Spallation Source neutrino super-beam conceptual design report

Breakdown Oscillations of the ISIS H− Penning Ion-Source Hydrogen–Cesium Discharge

Negative hydrogen ion sources for particle accelerators: Sustainability issues and recent improvements in long-term operations

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Product

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Breakdown Oscillations of the ISIS H⁻ Penning Ion-Source Hydrogen–Cesium Discharge