Operational experiences of PEMFC pilot plant using low grade hydrogen from sodium chlorate production process

Ihonen, Jari; Koski, Pauli; Pulkkinen, Valtteri; Keränen, Tommi; Karimäki, Henri; Auvinen, Sonja; Nikiforow, Kaj; Kotisaari, Mikko; Tuiskula, Heidi; Viitakangas, Jaana

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.056

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…where, P H 2 O is the saturation pressure of water vapor in atm, given in Equation (8). RH a and RH c are relative humidity of vapor at anode and cathode respectively [41].…”

Section: Output Voltage Of Pem Fuel Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For these reasons, the hydrogen-fueled cars on the global market have been fed by PEMFCs, where they participate in about 90% of fuel cell research and development [6]. For instance, in Finland, a substantial amount of hydrogen is extracted as a byproduct in industrial factories that specialize in chlorine and sodium chlorate, whereas the hydrogen quality is adequate for employment as a sustainable fuel in PEMFCs [7,8]. As a result, this hydrogen can be used in PEMFC power plants that operate at partial loading conditions, and so they can yield an important quick load cover in power systems, besides other renewable energy sources [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Parameter Based on Coyote Optimization Algorithm

et al. 2021

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In recent years, the penetration of fuel cells in distribution systems is significantly increased worldwide. The fuel cell is considered an electrochemical energy conversion component. It has the ability to convert chemical to electrical energies as well as heat. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen as fuel. It is a low-temperature type that uses a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum, at reaction sites. The optimal modeling of PEM fuel cells improves the cell performance in different applications of the smart microgrid. Extracting the optimal parameters of the model can be achieved using an efficient optimization technique. In this line, this paper proposes a novel swarm-based algorithm called coyote optimization algorithm (COA) for finding the optimal parameter of PEM fuel cell as well as PEM stack. The sum of square deviation between measured voltages and the optimal estimated voltages obtained from the COA algorithm is minimized. Two practical PEM fuel cells including 250 W stack and Ned Stack PS6 are modeled to validate the capability of the proposed algorithm under different operating conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed COA is demonstrated through the comparison with four optimizers considering the same conditions. The final estimated results and statistical analysis show a significant accuracy of the proposed method. These results emphasize the ability of COA to estimate the parameters of the PEM fuel cell model more precisely.

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“…where, P H 2 O is the saturation pressure of water vapor in atm, given in Equation (8). RH a and RH c are relative humidity of vapor at anode and cathode respectively [41].…”

Section: Output Voltage Of Pem Fuel Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Parameter Based on Coyote Optimization Algorithm

et al. 2021

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“…The two following mechanisms are well-known in the chemical industry under the form of the chlor-alkali process 58 and the chlorate production process. 59 The only difference between direct seawater electrolysis and the mentioned industrial processes is that the industrial ones use saturated and purified brines, containing NaCl or KCl, depending on the desired type of caustic or chlorate. 60 Both processes, chlor-alkali and chlorate production, share the same redox reactions, defined by the following equations: Anode:…”

Section: Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first route follows the mechanisms that are explained in the Low-temperature electrolysis. The two following mechanisms are well-known in the chemical industry under the form of the chlor-alkali process and the chlorate production process . The only difference between direct seawater electrolysis and the mentioned industrial processes is that the industrial ones use saturated and purified brines, containing NaCl or KCl, depending on the desired type of caustic or chlorate .…”

Section: Suitable Seawater Electrolysis Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Offshore Marine Renewable Farms: Techno-Energetic Insight on Seawater Electrolysis Technologies

d’Amore-Domenech

Leo

2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

104

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Hydrogen production with offshore marine renewable energies may have an important role in the future as an energy vector and as a fuel. In this regard, this work reviews all the technologies capable of performing electrolysis at sea. The review includes a thorough description and explanation of all known possible damages to the different electrolysis technologies caused by the impurities that may be present in water sourcing from the sea. In addition, this work studies three different hypothetic plants based on the reviewed technologies, to produce hydrogen at 350 bar for its transportation in compressed state. The study is aimed to make an energetic and environmental comparison. The results show that low-temperature electrolysis technologies are currently the best possible candidates regarding both sustainability and durability, with an estimated specific energy to produce hydrogen at 350 bar of 175 MJ/kg under a steady state operation.

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“…17 Indeed, reduction of the degradation in the case of ageing under reformate are mostly considered through the adaptation of the operating conditions such as air bleeding, temperature or humidity control, cleaning procedures including stops or pure hydrogen feeding to remove the CO adsorbed. More recent papers present interesting long-term durability studies with contamination issues at stack or system level but with air contaminant 18 or with only non-controlled CO traces, 19 thus allowing few direct comparison with studies conducted at stack level with CO content representative of a reformate stationary case. 20,21 Recently, focus has also been put on the analysis of the heterogeneities of degradation thanks to local post mortem analyses performed in different zones of the aged MEAs 25,26 or thanks to in situ measurements techniques allowing direct information about local performance or electrochemical properties.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Degradation Heterogeneities in PEMFC Stack Aged under Reformate Coupling In Situ Diagnosis, Post-Mortem Ex Situ Analyses and Multi-Physic Simulations

Chandesris

Guétaz

Schott

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cells (PEMFCs) durability of stacks operated under reformate is investigated with a special focus on the heterogeneity of aging. During an aging test at constant load, the local performances were investigated in situ using a segmented circuit board and a specific CO poisoning diagnostic tool based on the transition from pure hydrogen to reformate containing carbon monoxide. The heterogeneities analyses are supported with multi-physic simulations which highlight the heterogeneous CO coverage along the anode, as well as the competition between both electrodes leading to non-monotonous current density profiles. At the end of life, electrochemical and transmission electron microscopy analyses were performed on three characteristic zones (air inlet/H 2 outlet, middle and air outlet/H 2 inlet) of the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). These experimental investigations put in evidence that the cathode outlet aged more severely than the cathode inlet, while more CO tolerance was lost at the anode outlet. The degradation by the electrochemical Ostwald ripening mechanism of the Pt 3 Co nanoparticles at the cathode outlet is suspected to pollute the ionomer, leading to the observed accelerating performance losses. Finally, optimized MEAs have been designed to mitigate the suspected degradation mechanisms, and tested at stack level demonstrating a clear durability improvement.

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Operational experiences of PEMFC pilot plant using low grade hydrogen from sodium chlorate production process

Cited by 21 publications

References 24 publications

Optimal Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Parameter Based on Coyote Optimization Algorithm

Optimal Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Parameter Based on Coyote Optimization Algorithm

Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Offshore Marine Renewable Farms: Techno-Energetic Insight on Seawater Electrolysis Technologies

Investigation of Degradation Heterogeneities in PEMFC Stack Aged under Reformate Coupling In Situ Diagnosis, Post-Mortem Ex Situ Analyses and Multi-Physic Simulations

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