Operational-scale application of entomopathogenic fungi for control of Sahelian grasshoppers

Kooyman, C.; Bateman, Roy; Langewald, J.; Lomer, C. J.; Ouambama, Z.; Thomas, Matthew B.

doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0077

Cited by 40 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…La méthode consiste à compter les sauteriaux dans des carrés imaginaires. Vingt comptages de sauteriaux vivants sont faits, toutes espèces confondues, sur une ligne de 20 m à des endroits fixes; chaque comptage constituant un échantillon indépendant (K OOYMAN et al., 1997). Deux lignes de 20 m sont marquées par parcelle pour les comptages de sauteriaux.…”

Section: Matériels Et Méthodesunclassified

Effet de l’application d’un mélange lambda‐cyhalothrin (pesticide chimique) et de spores de Metarhizium anisopliae (flavoviride) var. acridum Driver and Milner (biopesticide) appliqué sur les larves de sauteriaux au Mali

Kpindou

Lomer

Langewald

et al. 2001

J Applied Entomology

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A mixture of lambda‐cyhalothrin (lambda‐cyhalothrin: chemical insecticide) and Metarhizium anisopliae (flavoviride) var. acridum Driver and Milner, an entomopathogenic fungus (bioinsecticide) was used for grasshopper control in Mali. An oil‐based formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae (flavoviride) var. acridum Driver and Milner has been developed by LUBILOSA a collaborative project for locust and grasshoppers control. It takes 6 to 10 days for the biopesticide to kill the hosts, which is not a problem for larvae in fallows because they will die before reaching the farmers’ fields. However, if crops are infested by adults, the farmers can not wait for 6 to 10 days. An experiment was conducted in Mali using a mixture of a biopesticide and chemical pesticide. The mixture of lambda‐cyhalothrin (chemical insecticide) and Metarhizium anisopliae (flavoviride) var. acridum (biopesticide: oil‐based entomopathogenic fungus spore suspension) was applied to nymphs of Sahelian grasshoppers, using ultra low volume (ULV) sprayers. Both the mixture and lambda‐cyhalothrin alone gave quick mortality, with slightly higher mortality for the mixture. Mortality due to the Metarhizium treatments began 2 days after application and subsequently reached similar levels of mortality to the lambda‐cyhalothrin mixture treatments. The efficacy of the mixture was greater than Metarhizium alone. The efficacy of lambda‐cyhalothrin reached 80% on the day following application, but declined after 10 days, due probably to immigration of untreated grasshoppers.

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Section: Matériels Et Méthodesunclassified

Effet de l’application d’un mélange lambda‐cyhalothrin (pesticide chimique) et de spores de Metarhizium anisopliae (flavoviride) var. acridum Driver and Milner (biopesticide) appliqué sur les larves de sauteriaux au Mali

Kpindou

Lomer

Langewald

et al. 2001

J Applied Entomology

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“…In many cases infective half-lives are on the order of days or weeks [38-40]. The chief reason for this rapid decay is that fungal spores are very quickly deactivated by solar (UV) radiation [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Storage and persistence of a candidate fungal biopesticide for use against adult malaria vectors

Blanford

Jenkins

Christian

et al. 2012

Malar J

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BackgroundNew products aimed at augmenting or replacing chemical insecticides must have operational profiles that include both high efficacy in reducing vector numbers and/or blocking parasite transmission and be long lasting following application. Research aimed at developing fungal spores as a biopesticide for vector control have shown considerable potential yet have not been directly assessed for their viability after long-term storage or following application in the field.MethodsSpores from a single production run of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana were dried and then stored under refrigeration at 7°C. After 585 days these spores were sub-sampled and placed at either 22°C, 26°C or 32°C still sealed in packaging (closed storage) or in open beakers and exposed to the 80% relative humidity of the incubator they were kept in. Samples were subsequently taken from these treatments over a further 165 days to assess viability. Spores from the same production run were also used to test their persistence following application to three different substrates, clay, cement and wood, using a hand held sprayer. The experiments were conducted at two different institutes with one using adult female Anopheles stephensi and the other adult female Anopheles gambiae. Mosquitoes were exposed to the treated substrates for one hour before being removed and their survival monitored for the next 14 days. Assays were performed at monthly intervals over a maximum seven months.ResultsSpore storage under refrigeration resulted in no loss of spore viability over more than two years. Spore viability of those samples kept under open and closed storage was highly dependent on the incubation temperature with higher temperatures decreasing viability more rapidly than cooler temperatures. Mosquito survival following exposure was dependent on substrate type. Spore persistence on the clay substrate was greatest achieving 80% population reduction for four months against An. stephensi and for at least five months against Anopheles gambiae. Cement and wood substrates had more variable mortality with the highest spore persistence being two to three months for the two substrates respectively.ConclusionsSpore shelf-life under refrigeration surpassed the standard two year shelf-life expected of a mosquito control product. Removal to a variety of temperatures under either closed or open storage indicated that samples sent out from refrigeration should be deployed rapidly in control operations to avoid loss of viability. Spore persistence following application onto clay surfaces was comparable to a number of chemical insecticides in common use. Persistence on cement and wood was shorter but in one assay still comparable to some organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides. Optimized formulations could be expected to improve spore persistence still further.

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“…The development of a biopesticide for control of locusts and grasshoppers has recently been reported in a number of articles in both the scientific and popular press (Thomas et al, 1996;Bateman, 1997;Coghlan, 1997;Kooyman et al, 1997). The biopesticide, based on the fungal entomopathogen, Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal, has been demonstrated to cause significant population reductions in a range of locust and grasshopper species, even under harsh tropical conditions (Douro-Kpindou et al, 1995;Thomas et al, 1996Bateman, 1997;Kooyman et al, 1997). In spite of these successes, one criticism of the mycopesticide is that speed of kill is slow compared with a number of commonly used chemical pesticides; in field trials mortality does not usually occur earlier than 6 days after spraying and may take longer (Bateman, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural fever in the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis, and its implications for biological control using pathogens

Blanford¹,

Thomas²,

Langewald

1998

Ecological Entomology

Self Cite

105

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1. Thermoregulatory behaviour of the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss), was investigated in the field following a spray application of an oil‐based formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal in Niger, West Africa. 2. Measurements of environmental temperature, wind speed and solar radiation were made in conjunction with measurements of internal body temperatures of grasshoppers from a control (unsprayed) and treated plot using microthermocouples and hand‐held thermometers. Grasshoppers were monitored for 4 days from the third day after application. 3. Oedaleus senegalensis utilized a range of thermoregulatory behaviours to maximize body temperatures during periods of low insolation and ambient temperature, and to minimize excessive heat loading during the hottest periods. Preferred body temperature of uninfected grasshoppers was 39 °C, with a range from 24 °C in the early morning to a high of 46 °C during periods of high insolation and ambient temperature. 4. Infected grasshoppers altered their thermoregulatory behaviour and showed a behavioural fever response to the pathogen. Preferred body temperatures of infected individuals were raised to a new set point of ≈ 42 °C. This is believed to be the first evidence for a behavioural fever in response to a microbial infection for any natural population. In the present study, its effects appeared to provide little therapeutic advantage to hosts infected following application. Preliminary evidence from other studies, however, indicates that modifications to host thermoregulation could be a significant constraint to the pathogen and may limit its impact under certain conditions.

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Operational-scale application of entomopathogenic fungi for control of Sahelian grasshoppers

Cited by 40 publications

References 18 publications

Effet de l’application d’un mélange lambda‐cyhalothrin (pesticide chimique) et de spores de Metarhizium anisopliae (flavoviride) var. acridum Driver and Milner (biopesticide) appliqué sur les larves de sauteriaux au Mali

Effet de l’application d’un mélange lambda‐cyhalothrin (pesticide chimique) et de spores de Metarhizium anisopliae (flavoviride) var. acridum Driver and Milner (biopesticide) appliqué sur les larves de sauteriaux au Mali

Storage and persistence of a candidate fungal biopesticide for use against adult malaria vectors

Behavioural fever in the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis, and its implications for biological control using pathogens

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