Operational Support of Regional Cabled Observatories The MARS Facility

Dawe, T. Craig; Bird, L.; Talkovic, M.; Brekke, Knute; Osborne, DJ; Etchemendy, S.

doi:10.1109/oceans.2005.1639906

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 2 publications

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“…Several deep-sea nodes have been deployed at key locations in world seas, from the Arctic to the Atlantic, through the Mediterranean to the Black Sea, e.g., MARS (Monterey Accelerated Research System) [ 8 ], NEPTUNE (North-East Pacific Time-Series Undersea Network experiments) [ 9 ] and VENUS (Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea) [ 10 ], as well as shallow water nodes, such as COSYNA (Coastal Observing System for Northern and Arctic Seas) [ 11 , 12 ], OBSEA [ 13 ] and SmartBay (Smart Bay Cabled Observatory) [ 14 ]. For a more detailed overview of long-term observatories in operation worldwide, we refer to Zielinski et al [ 15 ].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Deep-Learning Based Pipeline for Estimating the Abundance and Size of Aquatic Organisms in an Unconstrained Underwater Environment from Continuously Captured Stereo Video

Böer

Gröger

Badri-Höher

et al. 2023

Sensors

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The utilization of stationary underwater cameras is a modern and well-adapted approach to provide a continuous and cost-effective long-term solution to monitor underwater habitats of particular interest. A common goal of such monitoring systems is to gain better insight into the dynamics and condition of populations of various marine organisms, such as migratory or commercially relevant fish taxa. This paper describes a complete processing pipeline to automatically determine the abundance, type and estimate the size of biological taxa from stereoscopic video data captured by the stereo camera of a stationary Underwater Fish Observatory (UFO). A calibration of the recording system was carried out in situ and, afterward, validated using the synchronously recorded sonar data. The video data were recorded continuously for nearly one year in the Kiel Fjord, an inlet of the Baltic Sea in northern Germany. It shows underwater organisms in their natural behavior, as passive low-light cameras were used instead of active lighting to dampen attraction effects and allow for the least invasive recording possible. The recorded raw data are pre-filtered by an adaptive background estimation to extract sequences with activity, which are then processed by a deep detection network, i.e., Yolov5. This provides the location and type of organisms detected in each video frame of both cameras, which are used to calculate stereo correspondences following a basic matching scheme. In a subsequent step, the size and distance of the depicted organisms are approximated using the corner coordinates of the matched bounding boxes. The Yolov5 model employed in this study was trained on a novel dataset comprising 73,144 images and 92,899 bounding box annotations for 10 categories of marine animals. The model achieved a mean detection accuracy of 92.4%, a mean average precision (mAP) of 94.8% and an F1 score of 93%.

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