“…Some of these studies that see peace as 'aspirational' (Klem, 2018) have built upon critical peace scholarship inspired by Johan Galtung's (1971) distinctions between positive peace and negative peace. Negative peace, or the absence of physical conflict is contrasted with positive peace, defined as the absence of structural violence, whereby social structures maximize human flourishing and prevent injury (Seyle, 2019). Efforts to assess conditions of positive peace, such as the Davenport scale (Davenport et al, 2018, see also Wallensteen, 2015), or the Global Peace Index (Institute for Peace and Economics, 2022) have been small advancements, but the normative ambitions of these taxonomies are unclear.…”