Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat brain

Spangler, Rudolph; Wittkowski, Knut M.; Goddard, Noël L.; Avena, Nicole M.; Hoebel, Bartley G.; Leibowitz, Sarah F.

doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.02.013

Cited by 229 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 68 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

164

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…An enkephalin system in the NAc shows decreases in enkephalin mRNA [81] as Kelley's group observed using intermittent access to a palatable sweet-fat drink (Ensure) [82]. With sugar bingeing, we find that there is also an increase in mu-opioid receptor binding [83].…”

Section: Sugar Bingeing and Its Opiate-like Withdrawal Statesupporting

confidence: 67%

Accumbens dopamine-acetylcholine balance in approach and avoidance

Hoebel

Avena

Rada

2007

Current Opinion in Pharmacology

Self Cite

154

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryUnderstanding systems for approach and avoidance is basic for behavioral neuroscience. Research on the neural organization and functions of the dorsal striatum in movement disorders, such as Huntington's and Parkinson's Disease, can inform the study of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in motivational disorders, such as addiction and depression. We propose opposing roles for dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) in the NAc in the control of GABA output systems for approach and avoidance. Contrary to DA, which fosters approach, ACh release is a correlate or cause of meal satiation, conditioned taste aversion and aversive brain stimulation. ACh may also counteract excessive DA-mediated approach behavior as revealed during withdrawal from drugs of abuse or sugar, when the animal enters an ACh-mediated state of anxiety and behavioral depression. This review summarizes evidence that ACh is important in the inhibition of behavior when extracellular DA is high and the generation of an anxious or depressed state when DA is relatively low.

show abstract

Section: Sugar Bingeing and Its Opiate-like Withdrawal Statesupporting

confidence: 67%

Accumbens dopamine-acetylcholine balance in approach and avoidance

Hoebel

Avena

Rada

2007

Current Opinion in Pharmacology

Self Cite

154

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Palatable foods do not only engage dopaminergic reward system but also change it (Bello et al, 2002;Fetissov et al, 2002;Hajnal and Norgren, 2002;Bello et al, 2003). That is to say, qualitatively similar to the effects of psychosis or euphorogenic drugs, repeated artificial enhancement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the reward system leads to a dysfunctional (Wang et al, 2001;Barrot et al, 2002;Bello et al, 2002;Hajnal and Norgren, 2002;Spangler et al, 2004) neuroadaptational state that renders it even less responsive to other natural reinforcers (Wang et al, 2001;Volkow et al, 2004b). Therefore, a common result in vulnerable individuals could be in a form of contribution to the 'spiraling distress cycle' (Goldstein and McEwen, 2002;Koob and Le Moal, 2001) depicted in Figure 4, whereby excessive palatable food consumption provoked by its enhanced salience and conditioned learning produces additional deterioration in emotional and behavioral problems, leading to further consumption that may eventually produce a transition from excessive eating to food addiction (Tuomisto et al, 1999).…”

Section: Neural and Motivational Changes In Schizophrenia And In Sudsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Intake and Reward Mechanisms in Patients with Schizophrenia: Implications for Metabolic Disturbances and Treatment with Second-Generation Antipsychotic Agents

Elman

Borsook

Lukas

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

138

142

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Obesity is highly prevalent among patients with schizophrenia and is associated with detrimental health consequences. Although excessive consumption of fast food and pharmacotherapy with such second-generation antipsychotic agents (SGAs) as clozapine and olanzapine has been implicated in the schizophrenia/obesity comorbidity, the pathophysiology of this link remains unclear. Here, we propose a mechanism based on brain reward function, a relevant etiologic factor in both schizophrenia and overeating. A comprehensive literature search on neurobiology of schizophrenia and of eating behavior was performed. The collected articles were critically reviewed and relevant data were extracted and summarized within four key areas: (1) energy homeostasis, (2) food reward and hedonics, (3) reward function in schizophrenia, and (4) metabolic effects of the SGAs. A mesolimbic hyperdopaminergic state may render motivational/incentive reward system insensitive to low salience/palatability food. This, together with poor cognitive control from hypofunctional prefrontal cortex and enhanced hedonic impact of food, owing to exaggerated opioidergic drive (clinically manifested as pain insensitivity), may underlie unhealthy eating habits in patients with schizophrenia. Treatment with SGAs purportedly improves dopamine-mediated reward aspects, but at the cost of increased appetite and worsened or at least not improved opiodergic capacity. These effects can further deteriorate eating patterns. Pathophysiological and therapeutic implications of these insights need further validation via prospective clinical trials and neuroimaging studies. INTRODUCTIONObesity has reached pandemic proportions and it is rapidly surpassing smoking as a number one killer in the industrialized world (Sturm, 2002;Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004). Its annual cost to the American society is staggering, and is estimated to be around $117 billion owing to related illnesses and loss of productivity (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2005).In schizophrenia, obesity is twice as prevalent as in the general public, afflicting over half this patient population (Allison et al, 1999a;Dixon et al, 2000; American Diabetes Association, 2004;Marder et al, 2004;Wirshing, 2004). Besides negative psychosocial impacts (distorted selfesteem and societal stigmatization) and medications noncompliance, schizophrenics appear to be particularly susceptible to the detrimental medical sequelae of obesity such as the 'Metabolic Syndrome', which is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, impaired, glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (McKee et al, 1986;Mukherjee et al, 1996;Brown et al, 2000;Haupt and Newcomer, 2002;Ryan and Thakore, 2002;Ryan et al, 2003;Holt et al, 2004;Kohen, 2004;Marder et al, 2004;Lieberman et al, 2005).Excessive body weight gain (BWG) could be attributed to a constellation of endocrine, molecular, genetic, demographic, and lifestyle-related factors. Provided that a common tra...

show abstract

“…μ-Scores, in general, have provided new insights in the medical fields of toxicology (King et al 2003), addiction (Spangler et al 2004), cancer (Paczesny et al 2004), HIV infection (Arrode et al 2005), immunology (Gottlieb et al 2005), hearing (Schick et al 2006), behavior (Shelley et al 2007), diagnostics (Quaia et al 2007), pharmacogenomics (Haider et al 2008), and fertility (Ramamoorthi et al 2008), but also to machine learning (Sapir et al 2005). This paper discusses the use of μ-scores to score athletes or teams in sports and provides several extensions, including the use of μ-scores for graded variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

U-Scores for Multivariate Data in Sports

Wittkowski

Song²,

Anderson³

et al. 2008

Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In many sport competitions athletes, teams, or countries are evaluated based on several variables. The strong assumptions underlying traditional ‘linear weight’ scoring systems (that the relative importance, interactions and linearizing transformations of the variables are known) can often not be justified on theoretical grounds, and empirical ‘validation’ of weights, interactions and transformations, is problematic when a ‘gold standard’ is lacking. With μ-scores (u-scores for multivariate data) one can integrate information even if the variables have different scales and unknown interactions or if the events counted are not directly comparable, as long as the variables have an ‘orientation’. Using baseball as an example, we discuss how measures based on μ-scores can complement the existing measures for ‘performance’ (which may depend on the situation) by providing the first multivariate measures for ‘ability’ (which should be independent of the situation). Recently, μ-scores have been extended to situations where count variables are graded by importance or relevance, such as medals in the Olympics (Wittkowski 2003) or Tour-de-France jerseys (Cherchye and Vermeulen 2006, 2007). Here, we present extensions to ‘censored’ variables (life-time achievements of active athletes), penalties (counting a win more than two ties) and hierarchically structured variables (Nordic, alpine, outdoor, and indoor Olympic events). The methods presented are not restricted to sports. Other applications of the method include medicine (adverse events), finance (risk analysis), social choice theory (voting), and economy (long-term profit).

show abstract

Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat brain

Cited by 229 publications

References 68 publications

Accumbens dopamine-acetylcholine balance in approach and avoidance

Accumbens dopamine-acetylcholine balance in approach and avoidance

Food Intake and Reward Mechanisms in Patients with Schizophrenia: Implications for Metabolic Disturbances and Treatment with Second-Generation Antipsychotic Agents

U-Scores for Multivariate Data in Sports

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About