Opinion controversy to chromium picolinate therapy’s safety and efficacy: ignoring ‘anecdotes’ of case reports or recognising individual risks and new guidelines urgency to introduce innovation by predictive diagnostics?

Golubnitschaja, Olga; Yeghiazaryan, Kristina

doi:10.1186/1878-5085-3-11

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“… 119 , 120 Therefore, due to the poor evidence for a positive effect of caffeine on body composition and the negative interaction with creatine, as well as the side effects associated with caffeine abuse, 121 bodybuilders should be conscious about its use, particularly because its effect seems to be relevant only when combined with ephedrine, which is also potentially hazardous to health. Although chromium picolinate was used with the purpose to induce fat loss and decrease carbohydrate craving, previous studies found no benefits of chromium picolinate supplementation in inducing fat loss 108 , 122 , 123 and appetite control. 123 However, a previous study suggested that chromium picolinate was beneficial in a subpopulation of patients with high carbohydrate craving, suggesting it may be beneficial for patients with atypical depression who also have severe carbohydrate craving, 124 which may be the case in some bodybuilders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition, pharmacological and training strategies adopted by six bodybuilders: case report and critical review

et al. 2017

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The purpose of this study was to report and analyze the practices adopted by bodybuilders in light of scientific evidence and to propose evidence-based alternatives. Six (four male and two female) bodybuilders and their coaches were directly interviewed. According to the reports, the quantity of anabolic steroids used by the men was 500–750 mg/week during the bulking phase and 720–1160 mg during the cutting phase. The values for women were 400 and 740 mg, respectively. The participants also used ephedrine and hydrochlorothiazide during the cutting phase. Resistance training was designed to train each muscle once per week and all participants performed aerobic exercise in the fasted state in order to reduce body fat. During the bulking phase, bodybuilders ingested ~2.5 g of protein/kg of body weight. During the cutting phase, protein ingestion increased to ~3 g/kg and carbohydrate ingestion decreased by 10–20%. During all phases, fat ingestion corresponded to ~15% of the calories ingested. The supplements used were whey protein, chromium picolinate, omega 3 fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, poly-vitamins, glutamine and caffeine. The men also used creatine in the bulking phase. In general, the participants gained large amounts of fat-free mass during the bulking phase; however, much of that fat-free mass was lost during the cutting phase along with fat mass. Based on our analysis, we recommend an evidence-based approach by people involved in bodybuilding, with the adoption of a more balanced and less artificial diet. One important alert should be given for the combined use of anabolic steroids and stimulants, since both are independently associated with serious cardiovascular events. A special focus should be given to revisiting resistance training and avoiding fasted cardio in order to decrease the reliance on drugs and thus preserve bodybuilders’ health and integrity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition, pharmacological and training strategies adopted by six bodybuilders: case report and critical review

et al. 2017

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“…In addition to reversing this aging-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, supplementing NAD precursors (or tryptophan) can further protect cells by inducing an ER stress response and a mitochondrial unfolded protein response, although it has already been shown that NAD precursors induce a mitochondrial unfolded protein response [ 61 ]. Picolinic acid is a strong metal chelator that is frequently taken with chromium as a possible treatment for metabolic syndrome, although the efficacy of this treatment has been questioned [ 74 ]. But picolinic acid itself has been shown to be neuroprotective [ 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of amino acid-mediated lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans

et al. 2015

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BackgroundLittle is known about the role of amino acids in cellular signaling pathways, especially as it pertains to pathways that regulate the rate of aging. However, it has been shown that methionine or tryptophan restriction extends lifespan in higher eukaryotes and increased proline or tryptophan levels increase longevity in C. elegans. In addition, leucine strongly activates the TOR signaling pathway, which when inhibited increases lifespan.ResultsTherefore each of the 20 proteogenic amino acids was individually supplemented to C. elegans and the effects on lifespan were determined. All amino acids except phenylalanine and aspartate extended lifespan at least to a small extent at one or more of the 3 concentrations tested with serine and proline showing the largest effects. 11 of the amino acids were less potent at higher doses, while 5 even decreased lifespan. Serine, proline, or histidine-mediated lifespan extension was greatly inhibited in eat-2 worms, a model of dietary restriction, in daf-16/FOXO, sir-2.1, rsks-1 (ribosomal S6 kinase), gcn-2, and aak-2 (AMPK) longevity pathway mutants, and in bec-1 autophagy-defective knockdown worms. 8 of 10 longevity-promoting amino acids tested activated a SKN-1/Nrf2 reporter strain, while serine and histidine were the only amino acids from those to activate a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) reporter strain. Thermotolerance was increased by proline or tryptophan supplementation, while tryptophan-mediated lifespan extension was independent of DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf2 signaling, but tryptophan and several related pyridine-containing compounds induced the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and an ER stress response. High glucose levels or mutations affecting electron transport chain (ETC) function inhibited amino acid-mediated lifespan extension suggesting that metabolism plays an important role. Providing many other cellular metabolites to C. elegans also increased longevity suggesting that anaplerosis of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle substrates likely plays a role in lifespan extension.ConclusionsSupplementation of C. elegans with 18 of the 20 individual amino acids extended lifespan, but lifespan often decreased with increasing concentration suggesting hormesis. Lifespan extension appears to be caused by altered mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolism and respiratory substrate utilization resulting in the activation of the DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf2 stress response pathways.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0167-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Stwierdzono także tendencję do gromadzenia się jonów chromu triwalentnego w organizmie, co pociąga za sobą znaczne ryzyko wystąpienia odległych efektów cytotoksycznych, mutagennych i genotoksycznych. Wykazano, że CrPic działa mutagennie w komórkach bakteryjnych i ssaczych in vitro [42,43,44]. W oparciu o analizę dostępnych danych, amerykańska Agencja Żywności i Leków (ang.…”

Section: Główne źRódła Ekspozycji Na Metaloestrogeny I Związki Chromuunclassified

“…Food and Drug Administration, FDA) uznała działanie CrPic za "wysoce niepewne". Obecnie znacznie większą "popularnością" cieszą się suplementy diety z chlorkiem chromu (III) lub kompleksem chrom-niacyna [39,43,45,46].…”

Section: Główne źRódła Ekspozycji Na Metaloestrogeny I Związki Chromuunclassified

Estrogenic effect of chromium – an important metalloestrogen in the modulation of endocrine pathways

Sawicka¹,

Jurkowska²,

Piwowar³

2019

Farm Pol.

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Opinion controversy to chromium picolinate therapy’s safety and efficacy: ignoring ‘anecdotes’ of case reports or recognising individual risks and new guidelines urgency to introduce innovation by predictive diagnostics?

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Nutrition, pharmacological and training strategies adopted by six bodybuilders: case report and critical review

Nutrition, pharmacological and training strategies adopted by six bodybuilders: case report and critical review

Mechanisms of amino acid-mediated lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans

Estrogenic effect of chromium – an important metalloestrogen in the modulation of endocrine pathways

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