Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to cyanogenic compounds as undesirable substances in animal feed

,

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.434

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…One gram of prunasin can release 91.5 mg of HCN. As a consequence, HCN from rowan organs—when forming at levels exceeding 2–3 mg/(kg of human body weight)—can cause respiratory arrest and even death [ 44 ]. Therefore, cyanogenic glycosides that are present in rowan bark may perform a protective function for the plant, by preventing damage by ruminants [ 45 ] and insects [ 46 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A GC-MS Chemotaxonomic Study on Lipophilic Compounds in the Bark of S. aucuparia subsp. sibirica Trees from the Population Growing in Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk (Russia)

et al. 2023

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Determination of chemotypes and of their role in the polymorphism of populations is an important field in the research on secondary metabolites of plants. In the present study, by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, the composition of bark extracts from rowan S. aucuparia subsp. sibirica was determined for 16 trees growing within Akademgorodok of Novosibirsk, with bark samples collected both in winter and summer. Among 101 fully or partially identified metabolites, there are alkanes, alkenes, linear alcohols, fatty acids and their derivatives, phenols and their derivatives, prunasin and its parent and derivative compounds, polyprenes and their derivatives, cyclic diterpenes, and phytosterols. These compounds were grouped according to their biosynthesis pathways. Cluster analysis revealed two groups among the bark samples collected in winter and three groups among bark samples collected in summer. The key determinants of this clustering are the biosynthesis of metabolites via the cyanogenic pathway (especially potentially toxic prunasin) and their formation via the phytosterol pathway (especially potentially pharmacologically useful lupeol). It follows from the results that the presence of chemotypes having sharply different profiles of metabolites in a population from a small geographic area invalidates the practice of general sampling to obtain averaged data when a population is described. From the standpoint of possible industrial use or plant selection based on metabolomic data, it is possible to select specific sets of samples containing a minimal amount of potentially toxic compounds and the largest amount of potentially useful substances.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A GC-MS Chemotaxonomic Study on Lipophilic Compounds in the Bark of S. aucuparia subsp. sibirica Trees from the Population Growing in Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk (Russia)

et al. 2023

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“…When it is ingested small amounts of cyanogenic compounds, the most common route for detoxification is the conversion of hydrocyanic acid to thiocyanates in the liver and kidneys, which are subsequently excreted in the urine (Chaouali et al, 2013;Abraham, et al, 2016); importantly, the cyanide concentration is higher in erythrocytes than in plasma. Studies have shown that the cyanide level in different human tissues in a fatal case of HCN poisoning is 0.03 gastric content, 0.50 blood, 0.03 liver, 0.11 kidney, 0.07 brain, and 0.20 urine (mg/100 g) (EPA, 1990); toxic levels of cyanogenic glycosides are estimated based on the amount of free cyanide generated after hydrolysis (EFSA, 2007). However, a level of cyanide up to (10 mg L -1 ) has been reported as safe for cassava flour (FAO and WHO, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of cyanogenic compounds, amygdalin, prunasin, and hydrocyanic acid in almonds (Prunus dulcis Miller) for industrial uses

Arrázola¹,

Grané

Dicenta

2021

Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Hortic.

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The objective of this research was to quantify the concentration levels of the cyanogenic compounds, amygdalin and prunasin present in some varieties of almonds, considering their conversion to hydrocyanic acid, and their possible consumption in addition to other industrial uses, seeds of 29 commercial varieties were used of almond (Prunus dulcis Miller), evaluating its concentration and toxicity levels, taking into account the minimum degree of theoretical intake both for human consumption and for animals, through feed, this in terms of by-products. In addition, thermophysical properties thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat and density) and industrial uses were determined. The concentration was determined by chromatographic techniques (HPLC) and colorimetry (microdiffusion). The results obtained showed low levels of amygdalin from "not detected" to 375.40 mg/100 g of sample, depending on the sweet, slightly bitter and bitter varieties. The results indicate its possibility of commercialization, uses and applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

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“…European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended following limits of HCN content in animal feed (mg HCN equivalents/ body weight per day): pigs -2.9 mg/kg per day, poultry -2.8 mg/kg per day, ruminants (on the basis of goat studies) -0.4 mg/kg per day. There is no literature data on tolerated levels of HCN in fish feed (EFSA, 2006;Ivanov et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detoxification of linseed-sunflower meal co-extrudate: Process prediction

Čolović¹,

Pezo²,

Čolović³

et al. 2018

Food & Feed Res

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For many years, linseed has been attracted a great attention in animal nutrition because of its exceptionally favourable fatty acid composition and high content of essential α-linolenic acid. However, the presence of antinutritive components, cyanogenic glycosides, limits its inclusion in the animal's diet. Several ways of linseed detoxification were observed in literature, emphasizing extrusion as one of the most effective processes. In the presented study, the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been observed, as a tool for prediction of process influence on the deterioration of cyanogenic glycosides during the extrusion process of linseed-sunflower meal co-extrudate. The content of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) was determined according to the AOAC method as an indicator of cyanogenic glycosides in the produced co-extrudate. Extrusion of the material was performed on a laboratory single screw extruder. The performance of ANN model was compared with experimental data in order to develop rapid and accurate method for prediction of HCN content in co-extrudate. According to the experimental results, the highest HCN content (126 mg/kg) was determined at the lowest moisture content (7%) and the lowest screw speed (240 rpm). With the increase of moisture content and temperature during extrusion, the content of HCN drastically decreased. The ANN model showed high prediction accuracy (r 2 > 0.999), which indicates that the model could be easily and reliably applied in practice.

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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to cyanogenic compounds as undesirable substances in animal feed

Cited by 15 publications

References 141 publications

A GC-MS Chemotaxonomic Study on Lipophilic Compounds in the Bark of S. aucuparia subsp. sibirica Trees from the Population Growing in Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk (Russia)

A GC-MS Chemotaxonomic Study on Lipophilic Compounds in the Bark of S. aucuparia subsp. sibirica Trees from the Population Growing in Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk (Russia)

Quantification of cyanogenic compounds, amygdalin, prunasin, and hydrocyanic acid in almonds (Prunus dulcis Miller) for industrial uses

Detoxification of linseed-sunflower meal co-extrudate: Process prediction

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